tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-28669337359220934842024-02-19T18:08:13.205-08:00Hot EssaysFree essays, essay examples, sample essays and essay writing tips for students. High school essays, college essays and university essays on any topics.Webmasterhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12862993122209298936noreply@blogger.comBlogger1219125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2866933735922093484.post-88304869947855537522022-02-09T12:46:00.004-08:002022-02-09T12:46:28.034-08:00Social Classes System of The Vikings EssayRoesdahl's (1998) work, 'The Vikings,' reveals the Vikings' social class system as one that has been structured into three levels. These levels include the nobles/warlords (jarl), the farmers/freemen (Karl), and the slaves (thrall). For many years of the Viking's age, people fell in one of these three categories. The pursuit of understanding the operation and way of life of the three classes draws millions of people to Norway to visit the Viking Ship Museum. Notwithstanding the many works on Viking's social class structure, Roesdahl's (1998) account provides one of the most detailed Viking identity and lifestyle accounts.
The Viking's social structure remains one of the unique traits of people who lived at this age (Roesdahl 37). <span><a name='more'></a></span><div><br /></div><div>This social structure, which split the people into three classes, resembles other communities' culture that lived at the time. However, the Vikings put their signature on how they organized their sociopolitical affairs. Roesdahl (1998) explains how the three societal classes existed in most parts of the Viking age. This happened before the later ages when a new social structure was developed to comprise kings and queens. <strike></strike>
At the lowest level where the slaves (thrall). Slaves in the Viking age made up almost a third of the population. This was the lowest stratum of this society, and the society mainly used them for farming. </div><div><br /></div><div>They could also be sold within the home of the slave owner or abroad through the slave trade practice that was popular at the time in Europe and Asia. In other contexts, when the ruler/master of the slave died, the slave will be sacrificed and buried with him (Winroth 54). This practice was upheld based on the belief that the slave will accompany and serve the master in the afterlife. To be a slave was undesirable since it was the absolute lowest position that a member of the Viking society could have.
As Roesdahl (1998) explains, slaves had no rights. The law disregarded this group, making them subject to sale when the owner wishes. There were various ways that one could become a slave in Viking society (Roesdahl 34). </div><div><br /></div><div>These include the case where one becomes a slave because they were born from slave parents. The second method is where a person becomes a slave after being captured in war. The last way to become a slave involved the case where one loses enough wealth and falls into debt that they cannot pay (Brink 32). The person becomes a slave to pay off the debt.
The next social strata of people in the Viking social class model are the farmers/ free men (Karl). This category of people formed the most considerable fraction of the Viking society. They were the free men who engaged in carrying out various functions. Most of them carried farming of lands. Some of these people worked and farmed their land. Others worked on the lands of other wealthier farmers (Thurston 24). They sought permission to engage in farming a section of the land belonging to wealthier farmers. Besides farmers, other free men included merchants, artisans, and soldiers. A significant contrast between the Karl's and slaves was the application of the law.
Roesdahl (1998) explains that the law protected the interests of the Karl's. This protection was as opposed to the slaves who had no legal standing. Free men (Karl) also produced warriors. The warriors of the Viking society comprised of young men with little wealth. As a result of this limitation, they went raiding to gain more wealth. Many soldiers were unmarried and did not have duties to conduct at the domestic level or farms. The Karl's were free and heavily protected by the law (Roesdahl 33). This defining factor saw many of them engage in farming their lands or become warriors for Viking society. A Majority of the Norsemen fell under this group. These men were farmers, smiths, soldiers, or just plain folks. They lived with their families located in clusters of two or more buildings.
In conclusion, Roesdahl (1998) explains the nobles as the group of people at the peak of all the social classes. These were the quite wealthy people who did not perform hard labor in their entire lives. They participated in battles if they wished, but as chieftains and warlords and not standard warriors. Traditionally, they acted as chieftains and warlords who amerced great wealth. Besides, they had a good following of loyal warriors because of their success in battle and raiding. In the later period of the Viking Age, the nobles took on a different role as aristocrats. As aristocrats, they were considered subordinate to the king. They held land for the kings at their pleasure. A noteworthy observation is that the nobles remained influential even after kings emerged. The latter happened because they were wealthy and respected. Over the years, the nobles were the rulers and remained powerful in governing the state of affairs during the Viking age. </div><div><br /></div><div> <b>Works Cited</b></div><div><i>Brink, Stefan. Slavery in the Viking Age. In the Viking World.Routledge, 2012.Print.
Roesdahl, Else. The Vikings. NewYork: Penguin Books Limited, 1998. Print.
Thurston, Tina. Social Classes in the Viking Age: Contentious Relations. London: Springer, 2001. Print.
Winroth, Anders. The Age of the Vikings. London: Routledge, 2014.Print.</i>
</div>Webmasterhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12862993122209298936noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2866933735922093484.post-81789861131202733492022-02-09T12:42:00.007-08:002022-02-09T12:42:42.973-08:00La Venta Great Pyramid EssayThe people of Olmec, who occupied the Mexican Gulf's tropical lowlands, are ranked as one of Mexico's greatest civilizations. It is believed that Olmec people could have been the first people to discover that rubber latex could be converted into a state that can be curved, shaped, and hardened. Being among the first Mesoamerican wealthy societies, their culture influenced many civilizations, such as Maya, who came later. The most famous works of Olmec are the stone heads they engraved from a volcanic rock called basalt. <div><br /></div><div><b>La Venta Great pyramid</b> is situated in the Gulf of Mexico, right amid the coastal wetlands. Notably, the site had monumental importance between 1000 to 500 B.C as it was the source of most archaeological findings attached to Mesoamerica culture. <span><a name='more'></a></span><div><br /></div><div>Above all, some of the most incredible inventory discovered from the site was the carved stone testaments; this also included colossal heads. This richness also entailed mosaic pavements made from serpentine blocks, a tomb made from basalt columns, and many jade ornaments and figures. La Venta Great pyramid artwork uniquely demonstrates the theme of transformation through its space, color, texture, and composition.
All arts are made possible through transformation. Since art represents the things in the actual world, La Venta Great Pyramid artwork manifests the Mexican island's natural landscape. This artwork is not the actual pyramid, but the artist has transformed it into the original landscape. La Venta is not just an ordinary piece of art; an exact look of the pictographic representation captures the environment and the daily activities that are likely to be practiced in the region. Therefore, through transformation, we can reflect on the world around us in an imaginative and new way. It is easy to relate how this artwork speaks to us due to the transformed artistic nature. <div><br /></div><div>Through this representation, it is easy to fathom and interpret the culture and, to some extent, the economic activities that might be happening in the area. It takes a lot of skills and patience for an artist to transform an artwork meticulously.
Color is one of the notable elements that clearly expresses the theme of transformation in the La Venta Great pyramid. The green color depicts that the region is very productive. The weather condition in the region is characterized by moderate rainfall; from the transformation in this artwork, the hues of green capture the region's real environment. Nonetheless, the primary color intensity helps in emphasizing the climatic condition in the La Venta pyramid. The value property of color is also used to transform this artwork. </div><div><br /></div><div>Light shades of watercolor are also observable in the picture, hinting that the region could be marshy and soggy. Therefore, color is an essential aspect that helps to improve the quality of transforming an artwork.
The quality of texture in this artwork is well demonstrated and articulated. The surface area is observed in the picture, thus drawing an exact representation of the landscape. The surface quality in this image is tactile. This artwork is a real representation of the topographical landscape of the region. Therefore, this means that there is no implied visual representation. An onlooker can capture the different textures present in the actual world through this art's quality surface. For instance, it is possible to observe surfaces such as the pyramid, the trees, the watershed, the footpaths, and the clouds in this artwork. Undoubtedly, it is very factual to say that this artwork's texture represents the world's actual temperament. </div><div><br /></div><div> Additionally, space is also one of the qualities that the artist has used to show the transformation in this work. Space in an artwork demonstrates the perspective, which is the distance between and around an object. Moreover, space also shows the proportion, which is simply the size of an object (Afatara, 37). In other words, space helps portray the relationship of shapes and objects and signifies the background and foreground's perception. In the La Vent Great pyramid, the positive space and negative space describe the artwork. In essence, the positive space captures the pyramid, which is the main subject in this artwork. </div><div><br /></div><div>This method of art is very instrumental as it helps the artisan draw the audience's attention.
Conversely, the artist uses the negative space to show other areas that do not have a subject. More importantly, space is also essential because it helps in capturing the composition of the art. For example, in this image, various features such as hilly areas, trees, and pyramids are shown in the La Venta Pyramid Art. Above all, the art's main subject is well communicated using space, thus transforming this artwork.
In conclusion, the theme of transformation is broadly manifested in the La Venta Great Pyramid. The elements of color, texture, space, and composition, to a large extent, capture the iconic pyramid's real representation in the Mexican coastal wetlands. These qualities have helped communicate the real subject in this artwork. Henceforth, the audience can form abstract ideas on various aspects found in the part of the world represented in the art. Therefore, to correctly represent an art, the theme of transformation is very instrumental.
Work Cited
Afatara, Larsen. "The Creation of Contemporary Artwork." Third International Conference of Arts, Language and Culture (ICALC 2018). Atlantis Press, 2019. 34-45.
</div></div></div>Webmasterhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12862993122209298936noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2866933735922093484.post-3392660609778043282020-01-23T15:06:00.002-08:002020-01-23T15:06:50.701-08:00A PLC Plan EssayLearning settings in international forums have become more competitive than ever. International schools incorporate learning institutions that offer educational services to students across the world.<br />
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They enroll students from different parts of the world, thus enhancing multicultural diversity that leads to the exchange of values. Importantly, the performance of international schools varies from that of local schools. Usually, international schools are modernized and have a greater influence on the student's performance. Besides, these schools employ educators that offer specialized services to students. The enrollment of students and teachers across the different nations of the world influence the formation of enhanced learning cultures that support learning. However, though this learning culture enhance learning, it reduces the collaboration of students and educators. Thus, since learning in international schools is dynamic, conducting internal and external assessments in these learning settings is helpful to determine their effectiveness in offering educational services. Chiefly, the correlation between internal and external evaluations in international learning institutions is significant because the practice helps reflect effective teaching and learning practices in these schools.<br />
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<b>The Importance of Internal and External Assessments in International Schools</b><br />
<i>Plan 1: Learning the Internal and External Assessments</i><br />
Both internal and external assessments are essential practices in educational settings. The methods help ensure that school administrators determine and evaluate the performance of students. Notably, these assessments are crucial because most students are new to the international settings. In other words, when students across the world enroll in foreign schools, it becomes problematic for them to learn. Chiefly, this is true because most of these students use the third language in education. Therefore, it becomes difficult for them to engage in effective learning because they are required to learn new languages which require considerable attention.<br />
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In line with that, educators find it difficult to teach and help students because of language barriers (Whittle, Benson, & Telford, 2017). Therefore, learning of new concepts in the class becomes a challenge. Above all, social and cultural differences between the students and educators affect the learning culture. The practice make it difficult for the learners to adopt the established culture due to cultural differences. This is so because cultures across the world nurtures different values and customs that hinder their interactions with others. Thus, conducting internal and external learning assessments is a critical practice in international learning setting to determine effective learning and teaching methods that are capable of improving the performance of students irrespective of their racial or cultural backgrounds.<br />
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Additionally, conducting internal and external assessments is a strategic function of the school administrators and education industry at large because the practice help determines learning gaps. In the local learning setups, the enhanced interactions between the students, parents, educators, and school administrators make it easier to identify gaps in learning. The students share their views and opinion with each other, parents, and government agents; thereby, it becomes easier to determine how to improve learning in these setups. However, in international schools, collaborative learning is limited because of racial and cultural disparities. Therefore, it is ideal for the responsible agencies to conduct both internal and external assessments to improve the teaching and learning techniques. <br />
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<i>Plan 2: The Correlation between Internal and External Learning Assessments </i><br />
Primarily, there exists a correlation between the internal and external assessments in the international learning settings regarding the active learning and teaching styles. Internal assessments incorporate practices scheduled within a facility, such as the activities affecting the organization (Abdollahipour & Psotta, 2017). In international learning settings, internal assessments include activities such as interrogating students to determine strategies of improving learning. Besides, the practice involves assessing them to realize the challenges that they are facing in education. In such a way, it becomes easier to determine effective means of enhancing learning. In line with that, the practice involves examining teachers to determine the challenges they encounter when teaching as well. Using this information, the school administrators realize strategies to eradicate these problems. Likewise, assessing teachers’ opportunities helps improve and promote teaching. Overall, internal assessments seek to enhance efficiency of education by learning the opinions and views of both students and educators who are the primary stakeholders in schools and making informed decisions using this information. <br />
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By contrast, external assessments entail activities that affect external organizational stakeholders. In learning setups, external assessments involve basing investigations concerning effective teaching and learning on the parties that affect learning indirectly. In other words, the method entail gathering information from the external learning environment. First, they interrogate government agencies to determine the economic and cultural factors affecting learning. Usually, financial restrictions make it difficult for schools to offer comprehensive educational services because they lack enough funds to acquire enhanced learning tools. Therefore, assessing government agencies helps determine whether such challenges affect learning in the international forums. Additionally, examining private agencies helps scholars realize the factors that influence education. Evaluating these parties is ideal because the parties offer impartial conclusions since they have no direct attachment with the school.<br />
Examining schools’ shareholders is an important external assessment practice because shareholders are the real owners of the school. Shareholders entail individuals who have invested their money in the organization. Thus, assessing them is ideal since shareholders aim is to generate income from the school; they offer information concerning strategies of streamlining teaching and learning. Lastly, members of the public are essential external parties involved with school assessment programs. The public offers in-depth information concerning challenges and opportunities experienced in international learning institutions. As revealed in the above discussion, there is a correlation between internal and external assessments in the international schools. The following review provides an in-depth examination of the importance of internal and external evaluations in these schools.<br />
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<i>Plan 3: How Internal and External Assessments Impact Learning and Teaching</i><br />
As discussed above, internal and external assessments are used to streamline learning in most international learning environments. Both the strategies aim at examining factors that can improve education in international schools. They seek to determine challenges faced by students when learning, how they respond to these problems, and remedies to these issues. Moreover, the strategies help identify issues that hinder teachers from offering professionalized educational services (Mohamed & AbuBaker, 2018). Above all, external assessment allows the determination of factors that affect learning from external settings. Therefore, school administrators realize improved platforms for enhancing schooling. However, independently, these strategies are unable to understand and offer adequate ideas concerning effective teaching and learning styles. Therefore, there is a need for enhancing their collaboration to promote educational excellence. The following discussion offers a comprehensive plan concerning enhancing effective learning and teaching methods in international schools.<br />
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<b>Eradicating Bias in Learning and Teaching </b><br />
First, the collaboration of these assessments help eradicate bias in learning and teaching. Both internal and external parties tend to offer different ideas concerning learning and teaching. Students provide information that favors their interests, such as brutality of teachers, yet they do not expose their errant behavior that offend teachers. Likewise, teachers tend to issue complaints such as salary increase in the attempt of improving their economic wellness. Therefore, relying on evidence from one side leads to research bias. Thus, it is essential to conduct both internal and external evaluations to realize actual measures of improving education. The practice helps to ensure impartial gathering of information from students, teachers, school leaders, government, private agencies, and members of the public. The practice is ideal because it influence the making of informed decisions that improves learning and teaching. <br />
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<b>Embracing Internal and External Evaluations </b><br />
Additionally, embracing the relationship between internal and external evaluations in international schools is an important practice. Chiefly, this is true because the practice help reflects effective learning and teaching methods in schools capable of enhancing student’s engagement. The practice helps make improved relationships between the students, educators, school administrators, government, and private agencies. Therefore, if there is an issue in the school, students can report the incident to the teachers. For example, students who have learning challenges can report the problem to the school administrators. <br />
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Enhancing the relationship between internal and external assessments in international learning environments has considerable benefits. The collaboration influences the identification of effective teaching and learning methods. Chiefly, internal assessment ensures that educators and learners offer their views on way of improving learning and teaching. On the other hand, external evaluations involve third parties who provide their recommendations concerning ways of improving education. Nonetheless, a combination of the two methods is ideal because these practices help support the realization of an effective learning and teaching styles. Therefore, contemporary governments should enhance the collaboration between the internal and external evaluations in international schools to enhance education.<br />
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<b><i>References</i></b><br />
<i>Abdollahipour, R., & Psotta, R. (2017). Is an external focus of attention more beneficial than an internal focus to ball catching in children? Kinesiology: International journal of fundamental and applied kinesiology, 49(2), 235–241.</i><br />
<i>Mohamed, H. M. A., & AbuBaker, H. M. (2018). Teacher student interaction in grade 10 and 11 English classrooms in international schools at Khartoum locality: A case study. Ahfad Journal, 35(2), 18–44. Retrieved from http://165.193.178.96</i><br />
<i>Whittle, R. J., Benson, A. C., & Telford, A. (2017). Enrolment, content and assessment: A review of examinable senior secondary (16–19 year olds) physical education courses: An International Perspective. Curriculum Journal, 28(4), 598–625.</i><br />
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<br />Webmasterhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12862993122209298936noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2866933735922093484.post-46655883173313778872020-01-23T15:04:00.000-08:002020-01-23T15:04:25.474-08:00Article Review: Gender Differences in the Prevalence Rate of a Psychiatric Disorder<b>Abstract</b><br />
Mental disorder is a condition that many specialists struggle to handle. This paper reviews Eaton's et al. (2012) study on gender differences in the prevalence rates of a psychiatric disorder. The review will demonstrate the efforts that researchers have made to resolve the impasse and bring peace to millions of people experiencing a mental disorder. To validate the study, the researchers used a large sample size and analyzed them to determine the outcomes. The results showed that the dimensional multivariate liability model is important in addressing mental disorders in both men and women. Therefore, the study provides important information about interventions for mental diseases.<br />
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<b><u>Article Review: Gender Differences in The Prevalence Rate of a Psychiatric Disorder</u></b><br />
Mental disorders and gender differences have been an issue of significance for several decades. When it comes to gender, mental illness can be distinct. For example, women are vulnerable t depression and anxiety compared to their male counterparts who experience antisocial disorders or substance abuse. Many epidemiological studies on mental disorders found that gender differences are evident when it comes to the rate of mental disorder prevalence. Interestingly, these disorders are comorbid. based on the extreme gender differences in mental disorder prevalence, it is necessary to understand the impact of gender on comorbid and diverse mental illness. Studying the gender differences required the use of dimensional multivariate liability model. Based on the model, the disorder comorbidity pattern showed that anxiety and mood disorders have internal characteristics compared to the antisocial personality disorders that are characterized externally. To this effect, women demonstrated high levels of internalizing characteristics while men had externalizing liability dimensions.<br />
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<b>Summary of the participants</b><br />
In this study, 43,093 participants were involved. These participants formed part of “the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC),” thus forming the largest population sample to be used in an epidemiological study (Eaton et al., 2012, p. 282). The composition of this representative sample was the non-institutionalized and civilian population in America aged above eighteen years. However, the researcher oversampled young adults from the Hispanic and African-American population. Women formed the majority of the sample with 57%. The researcher used census-defined categories to select participants from ethnic groups. Based on the race/ethnicity, the participants included White, Hispanic, African American, Asian or islanders, and Alaska natives at 56%, 19.3%, 19.1%, 3.1%, and 1.6% respectively (Eaton et al., 2012). The participants consented to the study in writing, thus making the description of the study valid (Eaton et al., 2012).<br />
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<b>Materials </b><br />
The researchers relied on past 12-month DSM-IV diagnoses results (Eaton et al., 2012). Using structured interviews, the researcher manages to get information from the experienced participants. The interviews covered major antisocial personality disorders and depression, anxiety, and mood disorders. Some of the results were taken based on lifetime conditions. The AUDADIS-IV was better than the structured interviews because it helped to assess the clinically significant impairment and distress after characterizing the syndrome (Eaton et al., 2012).<br />
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<b>Results</b><br />
Mplus version 6 where the WLSMV estimator and the Mplus default of delta parameterization were used to carry out the statistical analysis (Eaton et al., 2012). The estimator made it possible for the researchers to handle diagnostic parameters as categorical while the NESARC made it possible for them to weigh, cluster, and stratify variables. The comparative fit index helped the researchers to evaluate the fit of the model to the confirmatory factor analyses. The researchers also used the Tucker-Lewis index to evaluate the model. Based on the evaluation, the value of comparative fit index/ Tucker-Lewis index was less than 0.95 thus justifying that good model fit. The analyses showed that all odd ratios proved significant at ps<.001 except for the conditions that depended on the drug (p=0.005). It was found that women had higher rates for internalizing mental illness while men reported higher rates for externalizing syndromes.<br />
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On comorbidity structure, the researchers used the confirmatory factor analysis to parameterize the diagnosis using exploratory factors, including fear, distress and externalizing. The researchers loaded distress and fear on the highest-order internalizing exploratory factor thus making it possible to correlate them with the relevant factors. The results showed that there was a fit for the internalizing-externalizing model in the samples used. The model also fitted in each gender for both diagnoses for 12-months and lifetime. <br />
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Since the model fitted for both gender, it was important to understand the similarities based on the parameters. This implies that the factor standards or loadings were restricted to equality. For the unconstrained model, the standard was freed across men and women gender. The researchers had set the factor mean at zero and fixed the scaling factor at one (Eaton et al., 2012). In the constrained model, the researchers constrained the thresholds to equality, thus setting the factor mean for men at zero while freeing the mean factor for women while fixing the scaling factor at unitary (Eaton et al., 2012). The model used for this study was structured to support gender invariant psychopathology (Eaton et al., 2012). Women reported a higher standard deviation of .45 on internalizing liability compared to men for a lifetime. With the complete factorial invariance found, it demonstrated that differences in prevalence rates regarding disorders between genders could be determined by the differences in average latent externalizing and internalizing characteristics (Eaton et al., 2012). <br />
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<b>Discussion</b><br />
The results supported the hypothesis because the underlying structures of the disorders were found to be gender invariant. In fact, the significance of this variance was evident in the mean liability levels. Based on the results, synthesizing the gender variance patterns and invariant latent structure of gender was possible in understanding the disorder comorbidity. This study provided important evidence to demonstrate that common mental diseases are associated with latent externalizing and internalizing liabilities. The results of this study raised varied implications. According to Regier et al. (2011), the DSM-IV has attracted the attention of scholars who are interested in organizing the DSM-5. The internalizing and externalizing model has defined the need to reflect on the structure of DSM-5. The finds of this article are in support of this classification implication because the researchers want to replicate the model structure in the future studies involving the epidemiologic research of psychopathology (Eaton et al., 2012). The researches in this study affirmed that the structure of the model is gender variant. The model can be applied in understanding various mental disorders in DSM-5 because it can accommodate both genders.<br />
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The results of this study supported the ongoing efforts to create interventions and preventive measures for latent disorder liabilities. This is in tandem with previous studies that showed that depressive symptoms required similar pharmacologic measures (Goldberg et al., 2011). Besides, cognitive behavioral therapy was essential to control or prevent depression and anxiety. For women, the preventive measures should focus on cognitive restructured skills to help in reducing the cognitive distortions and ruminations while in men; the prevention should be based on rewarding good behaviors (Eaton et al., 2012). Therefore, the findings in this study add value to the literature because it introduces new concepts regarding the impact of the model in addressing mental disorders across the genders.<br />
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<b>Evaluation of the study</b><br />
The study has proved necessary and beneficial to the stakeholders, especially medical practitioners and therapists who need new ways to handle mental disorder cases. The findings in the study emphasize the significance of developing psychotherapeutic interventions that encompass the shared internalizing liability. This implies that the internalizing-externalizing model should be replicated to help address multiple mental diseases. From the study, it can be concluded that the latent liability factors define the prevalence rates based on gender differences. Despite these strengths, the study presented various limitations. For instance, lifetime diagnoses could result in memory biases. Similarly, the researchers used lay interviewers to collect diagnostic data instead of using clinicians (Eaton et al., 2012, p. 282). The use of clinicians could have made it easy to interpret the data. <br />
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The Eaton’s et al. (2012) article has proved to be beneficial to the individuals struggling to understand the ways of addressing multiple mental disorders. Indisputably, women and men experience depression or mental disorders differently because women are ruminated. Therefore, preventing rumination would require gender-focused interventions. These findings have added value to my knowledge about the best ways to handle mental disorders.<br />
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<b><i>References</i></b><br />
<i>Eaton, N.R., Keyes, K.M., Krueger, R.F…. Hasin, D.S. (2012). An invariant dimensional liability model of gender differences in mental disorder prevalence: Evidence from a national sample. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 121(1), 282-288. Doi: 10.1037/a0024780.</i><br />
<i>Goldberg, D., Simms, L. J., Gater, R., & Krueger, R. F. (2011). Integration of dimensional spectra for depression and anxiety into categorical diagnoses for general medical practice. In D. A. Regier, W. E. Narrow, E. A. Kuhl, & D. J. Kupfer (Eds.), The conceptual evolution of DSM-5 (pp.19–35). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc.</i><br />
<i>Regier, D. A., Narrow, W. E., Kuhl, E. A., & Kupfer, D. J. (Eds.). (2011). The conceptual evolution of DSM-5. Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc.</i>Webmasterhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12862993122209298936noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2866933735922093484.post-13122287140751171682019-12-01T07:43:00.003-08:002019-12-01T07:43:50.155-08:00Investing Styles of Warren Buffett and Bill MillerInvesting styles of various prominent investors and funds take into account a wide range of factors. Their popularity in terms of attention from the investment community directly correlates with their success rates. The measurement of the success rate implies the comparison portfolio performance against the respective market. <b>Warren Buffett</b> and <b>Bill Miller</b> are amongst the most prominent figures in the investment industry because of their historically confirmed ability to outperform the market on a consistent basis. Therefore, there is sufficient evidence to compare and contract investment styles and approaches of Warren Buffett and Bill Miller. Furthermore, it will be possible to determine the main factors contributing to the success rates of the respective approaches.<br />
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Warren Buffet has been an active investor and the Chief Executive Officer (CEO) of Berkshire Hathaway Inc. The company has been active in acquiring other firms through its subsidiaries. The markets have been demonstrating primarily positive reaction to acquisitions through increases of the company’s share price (Bruner and Carr). Warren Buffett remains amongst the richest individuals in the world, while serving as a CEO of Berkshire Hathaway Inc. The company has been paying its CEO $100 000 per annum, while he and the other insiders were holding 41.8 percent of the company as of May 2005. In addition, Mr. Buffet has stated that he was keeping 99.0 percent of his personal wealth with the company. The mix of the limited compensation for the position of the CEO and personal interest in success of Berkshire Hathaway Inc., were contributing to the investment attractiveness of the company for the other investors. Warren Buffett was pursuing an investment style of value investing, while acknowledging the effectiveness of the other approaches. Acquisition of PacifiCorp by the subsidiary of Berkshire Hathaway, MidAmerican Energy Holdings Company, was reflecting the approaches of Mr. Buffett towards investments, valuation, and long-term vision.<br />
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Buffett and his partners acquired Berkshire Hathaway in 1965, following its decline because of the rising inflation and the rising levels of competition (Bruner and Carr). The company has been acquiring other companies, while exiting its core industry, textile, in 1985. Share price of the firm has increased from $102 per share in 1977 to $85 500 in 2005 versus $96 to $1 194 in 1977 to 2005 for S&P 500 respectively. The portfolio of the company included businesses from several industries, namely insurance, apparel, building products, financial products, finance, retail, flight services, grocery distribution, as well as carpet and floor coverings. Berkshire Hathaway has also been investing in major large publicly traded firms. The company began trading foreign exchange contracts in 2002 as a response to the growing current account deficits of the United States. Warren Buffett has developed the foundation for his investment approach at Columbia University by identifying undervalued stocks that were demonstrating the higher intrinsic value relative to their price. Mr. Buffet has been publishing annual letters to the shareholders, including several essential concepts, including focus on economic versus accounting reality, the cost of the lost opportunity, value creation, performance measure focusing on intrinsic value, rather than accounting profit, risk and discount rates, diversification, investing behavior, as well as alignment of agents and owners. The focus on economic reality implied prevalence of cash flows and fundamental analysis over accounting profits and other related figures. The cost of lost opportunity required assessment of various investment projects in the market. Value creation was reflecting the time value of money concept, implying the need to account for the potential of capital to generate return over time. Thus, book value was reflecting historical input, while intrinsic value was demonstrating future output. Warren Buffett was utilizing risk-free rate for discount the future cash flows within the framework of capital asset pricing model (CAPM). Such an approach was possible through avoidance of debt in the capital structure of the company. Diversification was a part of risk minimization approach. Behavioral finance implied focus on the long-term growth and patience regarding the achievement of the expected results by the projects. The alignment of agents and owners implied personal interest of Warren Buffett in Berkshire Hathaway. The acquisition of PacifiCorp by MidAmerican was following the year of high liquidity level of Berkshire Hathaway. Mr. Buffet has recognized long-term growth potential of PacifiCorp in terms of its future returns and undervalued position in the market. Warren Buffett would invest in Coca-Cola Company (Coca-Cola) as a part of his portfolio. The main reasons for such an investment would include historical long-term growth of the company, minimum investment required in innovations, as well as its potentially undervalued positon in the market (Yahoo Finance). The company has reported decline in revenues in the most recent reporting period, while its price to earnings ratio remained at 28.82 percent, which is below its 5-year average. The company represents a value stock, which fits the investment style of Warren Buffett.<br />
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Bill Miller was managing Value Trust in 2005 with the total value of $11.2 billion (Carr). Similar to Warren Buffett, Miller was able to outperform S&P500 on a consistent basis. Furthermore, he has set a record of 14 years in a row of the superior results for the fund versus the market. Value trust was able to achieve an average annual return of 14.6 percent during the 15 years preceding 2005, while S&P500 has demonstrated 3.67 percent per annum during the same period. Investment approach of Bill Miller was different from the conventional approaches utilized by the other investors. In addition, it is vital to note that the other funds and investors were able to achieve the higher results in the short-term, while Miller’s results were superior in the long term. Mutual funds were common in the U.S. in the beginning of 2000s, as they were providing diversification, expertise, and efficiency to the investors. Investment in mutual funds implied proportional ownership relative to the number of shares acquired. Net asset value (NAV) is the fund’s share value. Annual total return is amongst the main indicators utilized for measuring the performance of a specific fund. Expense ratio reflects the amount of annual payments charged to the shareholders of a particular fund. Similar to Warren Buffett, Bill Miller was focusing on value investing as the primary approach. However, unlike Mr. Buffett, Bill Miller was also incorporating the elements of growth strategy into his approach. Bill Miller was commonly utilizing optimistic growth figures for his valuations, while Warrant Buffett was relying on risk-free rate as the discount rate. These approaches were providing essential information regarding the undervalued business in the market. Both investors were assessing the underlying companies behind the stocks, while avoiding investments without full understanding of their nature. However, Bill Murray was willing to allocate capital with novelty firms, such as Google, while Buffet was avoiding technology firms. Murray was claiming that any stock could be value stock, provided its undervalued position. Bill Murray would invest in the shares of Tesla. Tesla has characteristics of growth stock, with a strong potential to generate the long-term value. The company has become profitable in the two most recent quarters (Morningstar, Inc.). The combination of the growing market share of the firm, as well as environmental protection policies in the developed markets resulting in rising markets for electric vehicles, imply substantial growth potential of Tesla. Tesla operates in auto industry with the significant focus on technological component. The company is in line with the investment approach mixing value and growth stocks in the undervalued positions by Bill Murray.<br />
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Warren Buffett and Bill Murray were successful in their investment styles by outperforming the market on a consistent basis. Warren Buffet was utilizing solely value-based strategy with the long-term investment horizon and careful selection of stocks. Mr. Buffet was applying risk-free rate as the discount rate in his valuation process. Bill Murray was utilizing a mix of value-based and growth-based strategies. He was focusing on optimistic growth forecasts for the selected firms. The difference in his approach included focus on the companies in the technology sector, as well as the potential selection of the growth, rather than value stocks. Consistency in performance over time and superiority of the approaches relative to the market were the underlying characteristics of the investment styles developed by Warren Buffett and Bill Murray.<br />
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<i><b>Works Cited</b></i><br />
<i>Bruner, Robert F. and Sean D. Carr. Warren E. Buffett. Case Study. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Darden School Foundation, 2005. Print.</i><br />
<i>Carr, Sean D. Bill Miller and Value Trust. Case Study. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Darden School Foundation, 2005. Print.</i><br />
<i>Morningstar, Inc. Tesla Inc. 2019. 17 February 2019. </i><https: quote.html="" stocks="" tsla="" www.morningstar.com="" xnas=""><i>.<br />
Yahoo Finance. The Coca-Cola Company (KO). 2019. 17 February 2019.</i><https: finance.yahoo.com="" ltr="1" quote=""><i><br /></i>
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</https:></https:>Webmasterhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12862993122209298936noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2866933735922093484.post-69615701550593048112019-10-10T07:58:00.000-07:002019-10-10T07:58:17.952-07:00The Concept of Tort Law EssayTort is considered to be a civil harm to a person or damage to the property which constitutes the breach of duty. Its litigation starts when the plaintiff is willing to get a compensation from the defendant by filing a suit. Apart from personal injury and physical harm, tort law is also applicable in the medical misinterpretation, product malfunctioning, negligent misrepresentation, violation of intellectual property, defamation, or trespassing. The severity of punishment depends on the specific circumstances in which judges can bring their subjective interpretation of the case. All in all, the tort can be intentional or negligent including the causation of events and injury to the victim.<br />
The evolution of torts is identified by common law in which legal procedures and rules are invented by judges during the process of resolving cases. The origin of U.S. tort law has developed from the principles of the British common law system, which was later elaborated by the American judges. Common law in U.S (R. McCurdy and Robinson). The body and concept of tort law are constantly developing so the judges often make amendments based on the specific cases to find a right decision. This constitutes a problem in providing a right definition of what is a tort law as it develops in ad hoc fashion based on specific circumstances. In contrast to tort law, criminal law is strictly regulated according to the judicial system in the necessity to track violations of laws and punish the criminals.<br />
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A “tort” is considered to be a civil injury that encompasses the bad action or breach of the agreement for which the court should compensate a remedy. The process consists of the interaction between the plaintiff who is filing the suit against the defendant for a personal injury or receiving a physical damage to one's property. The other cases of tort litigation include medical malpractice, liability based on the product malfunctioning, wrongdoings against real property, wrongful death, or negligence. Tort law is also applicable in case of wrongdoings connected to the trespass, defamation, violation of intellectual property including trademark, patent, or copyright, or wrongs against business (R. McCurdy and Robinson). <br />
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Tort litigation can arise from both intentional and unreasonable conduct, which depends on the desire or negligence to do any harm to the person or property. Considering tort application, the intent with which one brings harm is not obligatory hostile or even it does not always involve a desire to bring negative outcomes. To prove tort liability, the judge should consider whether the defendant intended the conduct. For instance, one of the most common intentional torts is a trespass, which happens when one enters or makes someone invade the land of another. In contrast to this type of torts, negligence is a failure to act reasonably which brings the injury to an individual or his/her property. For instance, it can be applied when the specific harm was brought to a person in the case of excessive speed. <br />
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To conclude, tort law is a broad category in the American law system that includes such necessary attributes as a duty, its violation, causation, and damage. The application of tort law varies depending on the state and the degree of wrongdoings by the criminal. Torts litigation is the complex process which falls into broad areas where the presence of harm and its severity is regulated by jurisdiction. Webmasterhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12862993122209298936noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2866933735922093484.post-78590586812135144292019-02-01T02:11:00.004-08:002019-02-01T02:11:46.992-08:00PERT Essay<b>Program </b>or<b> Project Evaluation and Review Technique</b> <i>(PERT)</i> assist in planning a certain project. It defines the activities, which should be involved in the process of completing the project and determines the time needed in order to complete these activities. PERT is a useful tool for planning big and complex projects. It concentrates on the different tasks and the way they should be handled by illustrating their sequence and the connection between them in the PERT chart. This technique also allows determining different time periods, which can be used for completing a project; from the minimum to the maximum one. Activities in the PERT chart strictly depend on the previous tasks, which must be finished in order to move forward with the project. It shows exactly when one activity ends and another one begins, and what activities can be performed simultaneously. PERT allows calculating a ‘critical path’. It shows the minimum time required to complete the project, which cannot be prolonged because it will cause a delay of the completion of the entire project. <br />
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One of the biggest disadvantages of PERT is that it is used before any details of the project are known. Since the projects, which PERT is designed for, are unique and do not have a fixed set of activities, it is extremely difficult to predict the process of its performance. For example, it does not indicate a precise time required for completing a certain activity. Days or weeks stated in the chart can be estimated by the people, who have never dealt with these kinds of activities and do not know an exact time period needed to complete them. Therefore, these estimates are not reliable and can lead to the errors in the entire project.<br />
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Since PERT tasks’ duration is usually underestimated, this difficulty can be overcome by calculating time, which includes the risk of the activity’s completion being delayed. The consequences of underestimation are much more risky than of overestimation. In addition, the duration of the same or similar activities can be checked in other projects, which were previously performed. In case some tasks are going to be performed externally, dates can be checked with the people or organizations, which will be responsible for them. They will be able to give more precise estimations of the completion dates, since they have experience in this matter and will be more accurate that those people, who work with a chart. For example, if the project is to build a house different activities will be performed by professionals. Firstly, architectures must work on the design of the building.<br />
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Therefore, they should be contacted in order to negotiate all the details and to estimate the time required to perform the task. The duration then is calculated together with them and is entered to the PERT chart. The duration for the following tasks can be estimated in the same manner.Webmasterhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12862993122209298936noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2866933735922093484.post-81537545588254236812019-02-01T02:08:00.004-08:002019-02-01T02:09:00.004-08:00Essay about South African Employment<div style="text-align: justify;">
Traditionally, South Africa is considered to be one of the leading countries of the African continent. This country is characterized by a well developed economy that certainly positively singles the South African Republic out of other states of the continent. Nonetheless, it would be a great mistake to think that the situation in the country is perfect and there are no problems at all. In stark contrast, the South African Republic currently faces a number of problems, many of which are, to a significant extent, the result of the country’s history, notably of its official policy of apartheid. In fact, apartheid was one of the most discriminating policy in the world and its end was naturally welcome by all democratic and progressive people.</div>
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At the same time, the policy has gone but the problems remained. One of such problem is the problem of employment relations that exist in the country and which have started to shape wrongly from the beginning and nowadays the government, representative of employers and employees of both black and races have to reform and improve them in order to make employment relations really democratic and efficient. Actually, it is this problem that is in the focus of attention of E. Donnelly and S. Dunn who discussed it in their article “Ten Years After: South African Employment Relations since Negotiated Revolution”.</div>
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In fact, the authors attempt to trace the evolution of employment relations from the period of apartheid till the present moment and reveal the development of labour movement and the complexity of relations of the government, employers and employees represented by trade unions, especially those protecting the interests of black people severely discriminated in the past. In fact, Donnelly and Dunn attempt to analyze the achievements of post-apartheid South Africa focusing on the ambitious program of labour market reform which actually aims at the increase of the efficiency of the national economy at large and labour force in particular and at the democratization of employment relations. However, the assessment of the authors of the recent reforms is quite critical and their forecast is skeptical since, according to them there is still a lot of work to do to achieve the level of the highest standards of employment relations in the South African Republic.</div>
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First of all, E. Donnelly and S. Dunn start with the analysis of the historical development of employment relations in South Africa starting with the epoch of apartheid. To put it more precisely they are basically focused on the problems of employment relations, especially those caused by unjust policy of apartheid which was totally discriminating for black population of the country. In fact the authors attempt to trace the complexity of employment relations in the country since the beginning of the 20th century and properly assess the development of labour movements and the increasing of anti-apartheid opposition within the country.</div>
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It is noteworthy that the authors of the article attempt to compare the situation in South Africa to the situation in East European countries which suffered from communism for almost a half of the century. This comparison seems to be quite interesting and it is a very useful tool which helps better understand the undemocratic and inhuman nature of the regime reining in South Africa in the epoch of apartheid which, according to Donnelley and Dunn was similar to the communist regimes in East Europe.</div>
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However, it is necessary to clearly distinguish differences between the states that the authors defined basically as purely economic since South Africa could be characterized by a free market economy while East Europe was characterized by well developed plan economy. In this respect, it is necessary to point out that the authors should go further and emphasize that the difference between the country was not only economy but also in social and cultural spheres that affected employment relations dramatically. Regardless, discriminating character of labour movement in the South African Republic it operated in free market economy which functioned on the basis of principles similar to democratic country but discriminating measures in relation to black population of the country made these relations totally unjust and undemocratic.</div>
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At the same time, the authors of the article are right when they estimate that the government of South Africa oppressed the development of labour movements, especially trade unions protecting the interest of black employees. Actually the discrimination was so strong that black people had not even got the status of employees, and consequently were practically deprived of any rights.</div>
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As a result, Donnelley and Dunn make a very important conclusion that in the result of discriminating policy in employment relations there appeared two discrete employment relations cultures in South Africa. On the one hand, there were traditional UK relations where a lot of attention was paid to effort, skill exclusiveness and status and pay differentials and it was basically white people who benefited from such relations. On the other hand, there remained black population that suffered from ‘racial despotism’ in employment relations and was deprived of a possibility to get any formal job control. In such a situation black employees had to develop their labour movement in order to protect their interest but this movement was severely oppressed by the state.</div>
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Nonetheless, the development of black trade unions was unstoppable since the power of labour force formed by black population was getting to be extremely significant for the national economy. In such a situation, as Donnelley and Dunn justly remark, 1973 was a kind of watershed when black labour movement really became a significant power able to organize a strike and protect their economic interests. At the same time, it should be pointed out that the authors’ assessment of incorporation strategy used by the South African government is quite arguable. Naturally, it is possible to admit that the government, which stood on apartheid ground, could implement this strategy and admit black trade unions and labour movement in order to tame black population of the country but it does not sound very persuasive. In fact, such interpretation creates an impression that it was the government that totally controlled the situation and it is only due to its free will that trade unions organized by black people and black employees had got some rights. Obviously, such interpretation is quite arguable and it is possible to presuppose that it is basically due to the growing power of black people’s labour movement they managed to gain their rights and start their way to gain the equality with white people, or at least improve significantly their employment relations.</div>
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In such a situation, as black labour movement steadily grew in power, it was quite logical that eventually the epoch of apartheid ended with a complete defeat but, as Donnelley and Dunn emphasize, its rudiments may be still found even in the contemporary employment relations in South Africa. In this respect, it is necessary to underline that the authors dwell upon the post-apartheid reform as a very important point in the improvement of employment relations in the country. Obviously, any serious research would be unreliable if the reform was omitted because in order to properly understand the current situation in South African employment relations it is necessary to analyze the reform which actually started to change traditional employment relations developed in the epoch of apartheid and currently shapes it with some elements of the past epoch. This is why it is possible to appreciate such attention from the part of the authors to the past, including apartheid and reform that contributes to the logical structure of the article and makes it well structured.</div>
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Moreover, it should be said that this section of the article is justly quite critical in relation to those who belief that the reform should aim at ‘normalization’ of employment relations. In fact, the situation really needed improvement and not just normalization of employment relations.</div>
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At the same time, it is also extremely important to underline that Donnelley and Dunn realize the ambiguity of the reform which on the one hand was quite progressive and unquestionably positive for the improvement of the position of black employees and their access to job control. Moreover, the reform led to overlapping of employment relations and political relations. However, on the other hand, it is also true that employment relations should be basically focused on economic domain and not on political one since the epoch of apartheid ended and there is no real need to develop political relations on the basis of employment ones. Instead, in order to make employment relations really efficient, it is necessary to focus on purely socio-economic domain. In such a way trade unions and new institutions formed in the result of the reform should not be politicized but focus on their direct socio-economic purposes, though not very successfully.</div>
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In fact, in order to better realize the drawbacks of the reform and its weaknesses, it is necessary to analyze further the article where Donnelley and Dunn discuss the institution building. It should be pointed out that after the end of the epoch of apartheid, as the reform was implemented, one of the basic institutions that was created at the epoch was the National Economic Development and Labour Council (NEDLAC). In fact, the authors of the article are very critical in relation to this organization and to a significant extent they are right though it is still hardly possible to make unarguable conclusions as for this institution.</div>
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Obviously, Donnelley and Dunn are right that NEDLAC is one of the basic corporatist elements of the post-apartheid employment relations system that includes four chambers: unions, employees, the government, and disadvantaged groups. Also the authors of the article properly assessed the risks such an institution may expose. To put it more precisely, it is the problem that have been already mentioned above, i.e. the problem of ambiguity of the reform and so ambiguous is NEDLAC since there is still a great risk that each chamber representing certain social category would protect its corporatist interests and it may go further than purely economic arguments and, as the authors of the article presuppose, it may even become an arena for political battles and, at first glance, socio-economic institution would become a tool for achievements of political goals.</div>
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However, it seems as if Donnelley and Dunn are to radical in their forecasts and in their current vision of the situation. In fact, they agree that a ten year period after the reform is too short to definitely estimate whether it succeeded or failed. Nonetheless, they still are very skeptical about NEDLAC but it is possible to argue that it is quite natural that after the negotiated revolution practically all legislative acts, new institutions, etc. bear political shadow and NEDLAC cannot be an exception. As a result, the current risks of undesirable penetration of politics within this institution is quite natural and could be eliminated as the socio-economic relations, including employment relations, would be improved, or ‘normalized’ as some specialists say.</div>
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In other words, the current risks of transformation of NEDLAC in arena for political battles is a natural transitional period from the epoch of revolution to the normal life when socio-economic interests would eventually prevail over political ones.</div>
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At the same time, it is noteworthy that Donnelley and Dunn, point out a very important trend to shift from left-orientation to the domination of right-orientation in national politics and economy, including employment relations. In fact, such a conclusion is quite logical though probably not fully explained by the authors of the article since such a transition in interests and views is quite natural because in an open market economy there is really little room for left socially oriented economy and increasing control from the part of the state. On the other hand, such a shift may be quite dangerous for the future of employment relations because it threatens to deteriorate the position of employees that is particularly dangerous in the situation when black population still has not fully recovered from the epoch of apartheid.</div>
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Finally, Donnelley and Dunn conclude their article on summarizing the achievement of ten years after the reform with the idea that the current situation in the South African Republic is quite contradictory and needs improvement. To put it more precisely, they are very critical in relation to corporatism of NEDLAC and instead they suggest to develop labour forums. However, in such a way they actually suggest to decrease the importance of labour movement and, consequently, to weaken the position of employees since they would hardly be able protect their interests without proper representation on the national level in such an institution as NEDLAC. Though, it is also obvious that this institution needs further improvement as the whole reform at large since it is hardly possible to argue that South Africa needs more flexible economy and employment relations where all participants obey to the same rule of a fair play.</div>
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Thus, in conclusion it should be said that the authors of the article are strategically right at the point that the post-apartheid reform turned to be quite good though far from perfect and that the inherited inequality in employment relations should be eliminated but this is the task for a long-term perspective. In such a way, Donnelley and Dunn have managed to create quite a persuasive article though not an indisputable one, well structured and logical. But what is even more important they raise very important questions the answers for which should be found in possibly shorter terms because, unfortunately, it is hardly possible to delay the solution of the problems defined by the authors of the article. Thus, despite their forecasts as for possible long-term solution of these problems it would be better that inequality in South Africa at large and in employment relations in particular were eliminated. Otherwise, there is no guarantee that the future of South Africa would be really democratic and just.</div>
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Webmasterhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12862993122209298936noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2866933735922093484.post-16251364522353679242018-11-26T07:48:00.003-08:002018-11-26T07:48:58.356-08:00Museum Exhibition Review EssayThe American Museum of Folk Art now offers a paradoxical opportunity to find oneself into a parallel world, the one created in the head and by the hands of Henry Darger, a self taught artist whose impact on many contemporary artists is incontestable. Visiting the American Folk Art Museum’s exhibition “Dargerism: Contemporary Artists and Henry Darger” is like getting a cameo in “Being Henry Darger” movie for the time of the visit.<br />
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Darger is called one of the most significant artists of the XX century. His epic masterpiece, The Story of the Vivian Girls, in what is Known as the Realms of the Unreal, of the Glandeco-Angelinnian War Storm, Caused by the Child Slave Rebellion, supported by the three hundred watercolor and collage paintings, inspired numerous young talented artists to create for the sake of art and express ones feelings and ideas through the artwork. Darger is believed to have unintentionally become the founder of the Dargerism movement standing for the “all-consuming devotion to artmaking”, according to the curator of the exhibition, Brooke Davis Anderson.<br />
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Henry Darger’s works impress immensely first of all because they reflect a mythic world born in Darger’s imagination through the non-academic drawing that shares ingenuous sincerity difficult to resist. The visitor is simply caught by the author’s vision of the world and feels reality distorts to become Darger’s illustrations.<br />
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The uniqueness of Darger’s works is probably also quite inspiring itself – the motives are being used by the followers that use his distinctive techniques to reflect the modern world through the artworks.<br />
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The work “At battle of Drosabellamaximillan. Seeing Glandelinians retreating Vivian girls grasp Christian banners, and lead charge against foe” (watercolor, pencil, carbon tracing, and collage on pieced paper) created by Henry Darger in Chicago at the middle of the XX century, depicts the battlefield where doll-like brave girls, all kept scatheless, unite under the banners and move forward in their fight against the enemy. The touching braveness of the characters as well as their accented fragility are truly provoking empathy in the hearts and minds of every visitor.<br />
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Another picture, the illustration for “At sunbeam creek. Are with little girl refugees again in peril from forest fires. But escape this also, but half naked and in burned rags at Torrington. Are pursued by a storm of fire but save themselves by jumping into a stream and swim across as seen in next picture / their red color is caused by glare of flames. At Torrington. They reach the river just in the nick of time.”<br />
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Using the same paint and collage technique the author provides three equally impressive illustrations on the given topic of the brave girls that overcome all kinds of hardships and ordeals. The reality Henry Darger seen and was so kind to uncover to the world is breathtaking. It opens the door to the long-forgotten childhood fairy tales and mystic stories we all loved most. For all those who look for inspiration or the lost feeling of childhood naivety and beauty, visiting this exhibition is an absolute must.Webmasterhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12862993122209298936noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2866933735922093484.post-89572382948331515122018-10-24T09:25:00.003-07:002018-10-24T09:25:17.904-07:00The Mountain People EssayIk people, the ethnic community from Uganda, have presented an interesting issue for examination since their tribe was discovered. Being hunting and gathering community, Ik people were moving around the Kidepo valley and mountains of Uganda, living in small temporary villages surrounded by outer walls.<br />
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Colin Turnbull, famous British-American anthropologist, was studying various African tribes for many years. In one of his books, <b>The Mountain People</b>, Turnbull describes the Ik people in the period of close examination. Turnbull stayed with this tribe for several years and studied the Ik people’s customs, traditions, culture, and other key aspects of their life. The book was published in 1972, and became very successful yet rather controversial. The moral aspect of The Mountain People remains a questionable issue nowadays. Turnbull studied the Ik people in very acute period for them. The area of Kidepo valley became a national park, thus the tribe had no place to hunt and feed their families. The Iks suffered soundly from famine, and Turnbull was participating in tribe life in this very period influencing significantly its moral values.<br />
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On my opinion, Turnbull has made several major mistakes writing his book. If I were sent to study the Ik people today, I would try to get more accurate depiction of their life using Turnbull’s mistakes. First of all, I would study the language and cultural background of Ik tribe, unlike Turnbull who had very small knowledge about it. Some statement he made in his book were based on lack of his knowledge, for example his argument about the Ik tribe traditional trade. Knowing more facts about the tribe’s history would help describing its life more clearly. The second mistake Turnbull made while studying the mountain people was choosing wrong informants. The great number of informants that Turnbull used for translating from Ik language and learning it, explaining various events, and helping understand the tribe did not belong to Ik community but to other African tribes, thus many facts the author portrays in his book were completely misrepresented. I would choose informants directly from the Ik community in order to get accurate information about the life of tribe.<br />
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Colin Turnbull depicts the Ik people as a community with low level of morality, unable to adapt to new conditions of life after serious changes. Truly, the tribe suffered significant famine, people no longer shared food with each other, they let children and old people die, started thieving cattle from neighbor villages. Turnbull probably brought inaccurate explanation of these facts in his book The Mountain People. However, to my mind the major facts he describes in his book were presented properly, even if distorted to some extent.Webmasterhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12862993122209298936noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2866933735922093484.post-829482146098907222018-10-24T09:22:00.005-07:002018-10-24T09:22:59.570-07:00Mary Wollstonecraft Essay<b>Mary Wollstonecraft</b> was known as a writer, a philosopher, and a feminist. Wollstonecraft is best known for A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1792). Knowing that Wollstonecraft was a vehement fighter for women’s rights we can make a supposition, that she was fonder of women, and vindicate their positions in the question of virtue possession.<br />
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Taking a closer look in to her works, we see that one thing she was vindicating – is equality in virtues, which on her opinion were different for men and women:<br />
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Let it not be concluded that I wish to invert the order of things; I have already granted, that, from the constitution of their bodies, men seem to be designed by Providence to attain a greater degree of virtue. I speak collectively of the whole sex; but I see not the shadow of a reason to conclude that their virtues should differ in respect to their nature. In fact, how can they, if virtue has only one eternal standard? (Wollstonecraft, 135)<br />
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She describes men, in general as arrogant, tyrants, rakes, sensualists, and lovers of power. As she though men were despots, who take advantage of women, thinking only of conquest and sexual desire. This aspect of men’s behavior shows such weakness of mind, that it was vain to expect much public or private virtue from men, stated Wollstonecraft (256). On her opinion women were educated not as well as men were, girls were brought up in such way that she had to be dependent on men, to be a good wife, mother, woman, etc. She was expected to be well-behaved and to obey men, to listen to them and to be there for them. Women are not allowed to have sufficient strength of mind to acquire what really deserves the name of virtue (126). Women were prepared for carrying out domestic duties, finding contentment in marriage, or leading virtuous lives. Men designed their meaning of virtue and were imputing women characteristics they did not want to see in themselves. It is important to make an accent that Wollstonecraft thought that virtue of men and women differ - Virtue in men thus had become power, ambition, and wealth; (Wollstonecraft, 257) virtue in women consisted of happy submission, dependence, and the need for protection. She realized that virtues of men and women differ, but she was insisting, that they should be evaluated by the same standard and move toward equality. Virtue was a necessary part of civilization and could lead to happiness, Wollstonecraft argued, but it had become confused with vice.<br />
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Analyzing Wollstonecraft’s views, I can form my own position. Beyond questions, there were rational ideas in her statements. But we cannot omit the fact that she was living and vindicating women’s rights in eighteenth century. A lot of time passed since then, and a lot of changes appeared. Women’s position in the society changed. I would not judge these issues so radical, as Wollstonecraft did. But Even now, when so many psychological facts about men and women are well-known, I would say that virtue of men and women differ a lot, as well as meaning of virtue by it self. <br />
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Generally I still agree that virtue of men and women differ, but I would say that the essence of virtue changed foe men, as well as for women. <br />
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<b><i> Sources</i></b><br />
<i>Wollstonecraft, M., MacDonald, D. L., and Scherf, K. The Vindications: The Rights of Men and the Rights of Woman. Broadview Press, 1997.</i>Webmasterhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12862993122209298936noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2866933735922093484.post-37703923260127048742018-08-14T09:27:00.000-07:002018-08-14T09:27:18.822-07:00Cultural Mistakes EssayGlobalization has opened the borders of many countries allowing businesses to enter new foreign markets with millions of potential clients. Indeed, globalization is everywhere; it has affected the majority of existing developed and developing countries, changed economic, political and cultural setting of the world. Large multinational and national corporations have become the leaders operating in the global market; they offer goods and services to any country or any consumer who would like to pay for them. Despite of the fact that business is always about making money, the pattern of making money is different in different countries as it is affected by culture, which makes every country unique and unlike any other country.<br />
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Companies that decide to enter overseas markets sometimes can make so-called "<b>cultural mistakes</b>", which bring no results at best or negative results at worst. Such mistakes include: “improper gestures and body language” [1], language barriers, because language has the “most impact at the individual level” [2], formal and informal relationship between the parties, eating habits, especially the usage of alcohol during business meetings and etc. Modern world of business has already learned the importance of culture while establishing any new business relations. Special patterns were then developed in order to get to know about culture prevailing in the target country, as culture appears to be one of the essential elements of successful establishment of business links between the countries.<br />
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When a company plans to have negotiations with potential partners from a foreign country, it is necessary to learn about certain cultural habits which exist in the country in order not to offend or confuse interlocutors by making certain gestures or saying something inappropriate. It is effective to hire a professional translator to be present at the meeting, who has sound knowledge not only in both languages, but also in economics allowing him/her to come up with the best suitable translation. Formal language would be more preferable during the first meeting, the usage of which is more common in other countries rather than in the USA. Very often cultural mistakes occur while a company is conducting an advertising campaign across the border, for which it normally uses one of the two basic methods, which include standardization and adaptation of advertising campaigns.<br />
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Standardization means conducting the same advertising campaigns in all countries, while adaptation means adapting a campaign to peculiarities of a foreign market. Though, sometimes it is possible to use the same picture or video while advertising products in different countries, it is still necessary to bear in mind the existence of cultural differences, which influence people’s understanding of the same advertising. Indeed, advertising can have a negative effect on the viewers, who are not used to seeing, for example, showing affection in public or half-naked women. This refers to the majority of Muslim countries, where the usage of such advertisements is totally inappropriate. The situation is similar with religions. For example, in India it will be offensive towards Indian people to use cows in advertisement as these animals are considered to be holy there. Cultural mistakes may have different impact, causing little misunderstanding and confusion, however, “in some cases, people have lost million-dollar deals” [1] as a result of making some cultural mistakes.<br />
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<b><i>References</i></b><br />
<i>1. Wade, J. (2004). The Pitfalls of Cross-Cultural Business. Risk Management. Vol. 51, 38-43.</i><br />
<i>2. Holden, R. (2001). Managing people’s values and perceptions in multi-cultural organizations: The experience of an HR director. Employee Relations. Vol 23,614-627.</i><br />
<i>3. An Overview of Edgar Schein’s “Organization & Culture”. Retrieved November 14, 2006.</i><br />
<i>http://www.soi.org/reading/change/culture.shtml</i><br />
<i>4. Do you really know your organization’s culture? Retrieved November 14, 2006. http://www.hcgnet.com/research.asp?id=6</i><br />
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<br />Webmasterhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12862993122209298936noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2866933735922093484.post-24503665983177117342018-08-14T09:23:00.000-07:002018-08-14T09:23:02.432-07:00Paul's Letter to Philemon Summary<b>Introduction</b><br />
Bible is an ancient literary work that absorbed wisdom of many generations of different people who contributed to the writing of this book, which is probably the most famous literary work of ancient times well-known throughout the world. At the same time, the structure of the Bible is quite particular and it in fact consists of different books united in a single literary work. As a result, the Bible at large represents a combination of philosophical, historical and literary works, united in this book, wholly for a significant part of mankind.<br />
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However, such a thematic diversity of the Bible is also the result that the authors who contributed to the book are not always known or there is no common views on the authorship of many books of the Bible. Obviously there are books which are clearly referred to a definite author. Nonetheless, the authorship is not the only interesting point of the books comprising the Bible all of them represent a particular literary work, which has philosophical, religious, or historic value, or even the combination of them. One of such books is the Letter to Philemon.<br />
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<b>Authorship and authenticity</b><br />
Discussing the Letter to Philemon, one of the first questions that naturally arises is the question of the authorship of the letter. Traditionally, it is estimated that the author of the letter is the Apostle Paul. One of the reasons why specialists refer the letter to the Apostle Paul is based on the fact that in his earlier extent lists of his letters hold Philemon as part of the Scripture. These two lists are Marcion’s Canon and the Muratorian fragment and both of them contain Philemon, though it is worth noting that they both omit the Pastoral Epistles.<br />
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However, the presence of Philemon in Canon was widely disputed in the 4th century AD. Despite the fact that its authenticity was not doubted but it was amply criticised for being frivolous and inconsequential. Nonetheless, most scholars “have placed a high value on the tact, grace, delicacy of feeling, and Christian affection which adorn this letter, and have regarded it worthy of canonicity in the highest sense” (Unger 1995, p.335).<br />
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Consequently, it is possible to estimate that the author of the letter is the Apostle Paul and, as for its authenticity, it is rather highly probable and basically is attributed as such.<br />
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The personal letter to Philemon indicates at the importance of this figure for the Apostle Paul and the local church. Such significance of Philemon may be explained by his relatively high social status and his support of the church since he was one of the believers. Moreover, the Colossaen church met in Philemon’s home.<br />
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By the way, the personality of Onesimus is quite interesting for he was the slave of Philemon who stole the money of his master and fled to Rome where he soon began to starve. On attempting to save his life, he recalled the Apostle Pauls whose name was frequently mentioned in Philemon’s home. Eventually, when he found Paul the latter accepted him and made a servant. Actually Onesimus served the Apostle Paul during his imprisonment and it is during this period that he “was daily exposed to the doctrinal expositions of Paul with the result that he soon attained spiritual maturity” (Bullinger 1995, p.371) and finally Paul decided that it was necessary to return Onesimus to Philemon. Besides, the names of the slave and the master are quite symbolic since Onesimus implies ‘useful’ and Philemon means ‘beloved’.<br />
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However, there is a different view on the date, according to which the letter was written seven years earlier in 55 AD. Moreover, the place may be also different, notably, if the letter is dated by 55 AD than it could be written in Ephesus. One of the main supporters of this idea and critics of the Roman origin of the letter in 62 AD is Unger who estimates that “it is very unlikely that Onesimus would have stayed in procosular Asia, knowing the stiff penalty which his defection as a slave involved” (1995, p.337).<br />
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Unfortunately, until nowadays there is no common view on the date and the place of origin of the letter. But probably it is possible to presuppose what made the Apostle Paul to write the letter. Obviously the Apostle Paul was very concerned about religious problems and, consequently, he could not ignore the fact that Gnosticism flourished in Colossae as the main religious trend. Naturally, he sent the letter to the local church and Philemon as a very influential person in the local community in order to change the situation in the city.<br />
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On the other hand, there may be another very important problem that prompted the Apostle Paul to write the letter. It is a well-known fact that slavery was widely spread in Roman empire and that was a very disturbing problem. At this respect that he chose Onesimus, the slave in fact, as a messenger is, in all probability, not occasional.<br />
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<b>The message of the letter</b><br />
On realising that the local Gnosticism and social problems, notably the problem of slavery, made the Apostle Paul writing the Letter to Philemon. At the same time it should be said that his intention to change the general religious trend in the local community is expressed in rather indirect way while the main purpose of the letter is obviously Paul’s desire to return Onesimus to Philemon “to ask Philemon to forgive Onesimus transgressions, all based on an appeal to Philemon’s faith, love, and grace in Christ” (Lightfoot 1988, p.242).<br />
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However, Paul’s ultimate goal probably went further. Taking into consideration the fact that the idea of equality of people in God’s eyes, which naturally influenced the Apostle Paul significantly, he probably asked Philemon not just about forgiveness but rather freedom of Onesimus. At the same time, it is obvious from the letter that the appeal to grace and coercion is eschewed as the completion backward principle, according to which, slavery cannot be removed by bypassing the free will of others, because this methods is exactly the same as that which it results in and creates only more slaves.<br />
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Consequently, the Apostle Paul rather appeals to Philemon’s free will when he asks him to free Onesimus. In fact, what Paul underlines as the main message of the letter is his idea that social problems cannot be solved by force or coercion. He stands on the ground that seeking for the solution of social problems by coercion provokes more and more new social problems multiplying them. According to the Apostle Paul, legislation and laws are created to protect and sustain freedom but not destroy it. In such a situation the free will is the only alternative that could solve the problems society faced.<br />
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At this respect, the social problems Paul raises in his letter gradually transform in the greater and more philosophical problem, the problem of evil since social problems, such as slavery, may be considered as social evil which has to be eliminated or counter opposed by good on the basis of individuals’ free will. In fact, the Apostle Paul strongly believed that neither violence nor legislation could really solve the problem of evil. In contrast, his main point is that the solution to evil at large, and social problems in particular, may be found in the use of personal freedom in addition to the free will mentioned above. Thus, Paul’s thesis is that “the solution resides in mankind’s soul in the form of free will” (Lightfoot 1988, p.254).<br />
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In order to better understand this thesis, it is necessary to explain that if the Apostle Paul commanded or coerced Philemon to forgive and free Onesimus, than he automatically, on freeing Onesimus, made a slave of Philemon. The reason of such a metamorphose is that such obedience makes Philemon the slave of Paul’s will and it is Paul that is the master of Philemon now but their slave-master relations are rather based on spiritual oppression than material one. Anyway, it gets to be obvious that in such a way the problem cannot be solved and, in stark contrast, it only persists and getting to be more and more serious. As a result, the only thing Paul could really do, in accordance with his views and beliefs, was to let Philemon to decide on his own, through his own free will, what was right to do.<br />
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In such a way, the Apostle Paul arrives to the concept of evil in opposition to good since “two things were here before we were; and two things will still be here after we leave: the Word of God or Bible doctrine and evil. Both can change you, but you cannot change them” (Thieme 1972, p.311) and in the context of the letter sin and slavery are parts of evil. Slavery is a social problem which, being evil, denies free will, which, in its turn, is the solution of the problem along with the God’s Word born to people.<br />
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<b>Conclusion</b><br />
Thus, taking into account all above mentioned, it is possible to conclude that in his Letter to Philemon the Apostle Paul, despite the fact that the date and the place, where the letter was written, are not precisely defined seem to be less important compared to the problems that he raises in his letter. These problems are both philosophical and social and they are closely interlinked and require their own solution. These problems are the problem of evil at large and the social problem of slavery as one of the forms of evil. On solving the problems, the author arrives to the conclusion that they cannot be solved by some external influence either with the help of legislation and laws or psychological or moral pressure. The only way out he sees in the individual’s free will which may be properly developed with the help of the God’s Word.<br />
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<b><i>Bibliography:</i></b><br />
<i>Bullinger, E.W. Figures of Speech Used in the Bible. New York: Touchstone, 1995, p.365-382.</i><br />
<i>Lightfoot, J.B. St Paul’s Epistles to the Colossians and Philemon. London: McGraw Hill, 1988, p.235-276.</i><br />
<i>Rafferty, W.E. The International Standard Bible Encyclopaedia. Vol. 4, Chicago: New Publishers, 1997, p. 2817.</i><br />
<i>Thieme, R. Colossians. New York: Routledge, 1972.</i><br />
<i>Unger, M.F. Survey of the Bible. New York: McPherson Books, 1995, p. 332-349.</i><br />
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If you need a unique essay written by highly qualified writers, visit this website for assistance: <a href="https://www.essaylib.com/essay.php" rel="nofollow">https://www.essaylib.com/essay.php</a>.Webmasterhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12862993122209298936noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2866933735922093484.post-2421637707260407792018-04-06T08:57:00.005-07:002018-04-06T08:57:58.654-07:00MBTI Self Assessment EssayChoosing an occupation is not an easy step because it may last a lifetime; therefore it should bring joy and fit you better than your favorite shoes. To buy good shoes you should choose the ones you like most and try them on, with a career trying on different jobs is too effort and time-consuming.<br />
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That is why self-assessment tools are gaining more and more popularity. Analyzing personality, values and interests may be useful for further career planning, and one of such useful tools is the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator Instrument.<br />
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According to <b>MBTI test</b>, my result is ENTJ (Extraverted iNtuitive Thinking Judging). Frankly, I was quite surprised to find out that the system determined my personality as extraverted, although I totally agree with the “intuitive” result.<br />
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Unlike the Sensing one, an Intuitive personality lives in the Future, not Now, and uses imagination instead of common sense, favors hints instead of facts – and that is just the way I am. For me it is always more important to imagine my life in the future – not to think of the daily errands. I like dreaming and theoretical living, not the way things really are. I enjoy trying new things, and living my life differently every day.<br />
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The Introvert’s characteristics oppose those of an Extravert. The latter first acts and then thinks. I believe it is not applicable to me, at least in daily life. I tend to think over my projects, and implement my ideas properly. Of course, there are exceptions to the rule, I may be impulsive sometimes. Still, the cases are too rare for impulsiveness to be considered my characteristic. And I do feel fine on my own, and often need some private time for studying or just relaxing. I also enjoy reflecting and shutting from the outside world. My mother had hard times trying to draw my attention to some specific issue at home, and always said my head is somewhere in the clouds. I also prefer one-to-one communication, and have a very limited circle of friends, so I completely disagree with the statement that I am an Extrovert. I am not a lone person, either. I prefer my living to be a well-balanced mix of personal development and socialization. <br />
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The results on the scale suggest I would be successful in communication of my ideas, in directing and managing the crowd. My type of personality is believed to be quite persuasive, so the best thing suggested is the salesmanship or story-telling facility. I was amused to notice stand up comedy among the spheres I could achieve success in. Among the famous ENTJs there are Steve Martin, Whoopi Goldberg, Dave Letterman and Jim Carrey. I also cannot but mention Franklin D. Roosevelt, Richard M. Nixon and Margaret Thatcher. A flattering team of individuals, I must admit. This may mean I could be a political leader, an opinion-maker and a popular person one day.<br />
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As for my future prospects, I plan to major in marketing. I believe the communication skills and the ability to persuade people would be useful in this area of activity. The test results have given me more self reliance. I am sure I will succeed in what I plan to do in the future, as long as I enjoy it and work hard. <br />
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<b><i>Resources:</i></b><br />
<i>My MBTI personality type. The Myer-Briggs Foundation. Retrieved on Apr 10, 2008 from http://www.myersbriggs.org/my-mbti-personality-type/mbti-basics</i><br />
<i>Butt, J. and Heiss, M. “Type Descriptions”. Typelogic. Retrieved on Apr 10, 2008 from http://typelogic.com/entj.html </i>Webmasterhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12862993122209298936noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2866933735922093484.post-17141091733631431022018-03-06T09:14:00.000-08:002018-03-06T09:14:54.320-08:00Fidelity and Infidelity in the Arabian Nights"<b>Arabian Nights</b>" is probably one of the most famous literary works of the Eastern civilization, which incorporates literary heritage of different countries united into one literary work. At the same time, the creation of this book perfectly reflects the major political and socio-economic trends in the Caliphate era. In fact, the book represents a collection of stories which vary by their genres and style, but which convey basic views and socio-cultural norms of that epoch. "Arabian Nights" is a monumental work which depicts the life of different peoples. In such a way, the book has a considerable historical and cultural value. On the other hand, the book is valuable from the artistic point of view since stories, which comprise the book, are stylistically rich and, in many respects, innovative for the literature of that epoch. <br />
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"The Arabian Nights: Tales from A Thousand and One Nights" raise a number of themes, which were very significant for the society of the epoch when the book was created. However, many of the themes covered in the book may be considered to be universal and eternal since, even in the present epoch, these themes are still relevant. In this respect, it is worth mentioning the theme of fidelity and infidelity, which occupies one of the central places in the entire book and may be easily traced from tale to tale. Obviously, this theme was very significant in the context of the strengthening of Islam and the establishment of Islamic principles, which condemned infidelity and glorified fidelity, emphasizing the importance of virtuous family life and forbidding any extramarital connections. As a result, the entire book may be viewed as a kind of prejudice against infidelity and, in all probability, one of the major goals of the book was to promote the virtuous lifestyle and fidelity as an essential condition of a happy family life. On the other hand, the presence of numerous stories where both men and women prove to be infidel may indicate to the possibility of the presentation of an alternative non-Islamic view of the relationship between men and women. What is meant here is the fact that the book depicts the actual nature of men and women and their inability to lead an absolutely virtuous life as Islam prescribes. In such a situation, it is very important to analyze in details “Arabian Nights” and dwell upon some stories where the theme of fidelity and infidelity is particularly strong, in order to find out what was the main message of the book concerning the problem of fidelity and infidelity. <br />
At the same time, it is hardly possible to evaluate adequately the theme of fidelity and infidelity in “Arabian Nights” with a brief analysis of the historical background of the book, when it was created and what were the basic historical and socio-cultural trends in the epoch of the creation of this book. On the basis of the historical background of the book, it will be possible to understand clearly the theme of fidelity and infidelity and its significance within the book.<br />
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First of all, it should be pointed out that the precise date of the creation of this literary work is unknown but basically the collection was created about 800-900 AD. In fact, the first manuscripts containing some elements of “The Thousand and One Nights” appeared in 800AD and throughout the following two centuries some references to “The Nights” were made. However, it is only in 1814, Calcutta 1, the earliest existing Arabic printed version of “The Nights”, was published by the British East India Company. “The Thousand and One Nights” actually included works originated from different parts of the world which were either under the impact of Caliphate or with Arabs had close contacts, such as India, Persia, Egypt, Mesopotamia, naturally traditional Arabian tales and legends and many other works from other countries were included in this collection. <br />
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In fact, such a diversity of works is not occasional because the epoch, when this literary work was created, was the period of the great progress and expansion of the Arabian state along with the expansion of Islam in the Middle East, Asia Minor, Northern Africa, and reached far to the East where Arabs developed close contacts with Indians. In such a way, on the national level, this was the period of the great progress of Arab culture and civilization at large. The country prospered economically and culturally, while its territories were really enormous and stretched from India till Europe where they also occupied considerable territories, including the Caliphate in Hispania. <br />
In such a situation, it is quite natural that the creators of the collection “The Thousand and One Nights” had rich material to create the solid literary work which incorporated traditional tales and legends of Arabian world and those civilizations which territories Arabs occupied or with which they contacts. <br />
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Actually, it was the time of the great popularity of Arabian culture and its religion, Islam started to compete with Christianity dividing Europe and East into two distinguishable parts. In this respect, it is quite natural that tales and legends included in the collection basically represent the heritage of Oriental civilizations.<br />
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On the other hand, “The Thousand and One Nights” may be viewed as a literary symbol of the power of Arabian state and, at the moment, it was really one of the major power in the world because European countries were quite weak and divided by internal conflicts because of the lack of strong central power. The Middle East, Asia Minor, Northern Africa were controlled by Arabs and in actuality they were the dominant power in the region, while India and China as well as other Far eastern people were too distant from Arabs to influence their politics. As for America, it was inhabited by Indians which had quite poorly developed civilization.<br />
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In such a way, Arabs were one of the major power in the world and had practically no rivals. The country was prospering while Europe was weakened by local conflicts, China and India were also unable to compete, while America was still undiscovered and local civilizations were consistently less developed than Arabian civilization. In such a historical context, “The Thousand and One Nights” became the symbol of the power of Arabian civilization which occupied enormous territories and was actually the leading power in the world.<br />
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In such a context, the theme of fidelity and infidelity covered in the book reflected the general attitude of peoples inhabiting the Arab world to the problem of fidelity and infidelity as well as extramarital relationships of both men and women. In this respect, it is important to underline that the theme of infidelity is a cornerstone of the entire book because all the tales of the book are told by Scheherazade to the King Shahryar and her only purpose was to postpone her own execution caused by an almost paranoid fear of the King Shahryar of being deceived by an infidel wife. To put it more precisely, Shahryar had already suffered from the infidelity of his former life and this negative experience defined his future attitude to all his wife and women he had close relationships with. In fact, he executed the infidel wife as soon as he learned about her infidelity. Moreover, he continued executing his wives after the night he spent with them because of the fear of being deceived one more time. In such a way, the execution became a sort of the preventive measure against the infidelity of the king’s wives.<br />
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At the same time, such a radical “solution” of the problem of the infidelity reveals the general attitude of people in the Arab world to this problem. Obviously, the execution of infidel wives is conveyed as a justified punishment. This is why it is possible to conclude that the infidelity was one of the most serious crimes that could have committed in that epoch. On the other hand, it is obvious that such a severe punishment of infidel wives was, in all probability, the prerogative of the King, but it is possible to presuppose that his subordinates could also appeal to the authorities for the punishment of infidel spouses. <br />
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However, Scheherazade manages to escape the punishment, which is apparently unjust because she is innocent and she is not going to be infidel. In such a way, the book shows that there is a kind of justice in the world, which is above the king and his earthly rule. At this point, it is possible to speak about some divine protection of Scheherazade as well as about her own wisdom and ability to save her life. In order to survive, she tells the king a tale night after night, but, as the morning is about to begin, she starts a new story and the king, being intrigued and interested, delays the execution to hear the end of the story. In such a way, Scheherazade tells the King a tale during a thousand and one nights and after that the king decides to let her live and she escapes the unjust punishment. In this respect, it is important to underline that such an outcome may be interpreted as a reward of Scheherazade for her fidelity. To put it more precisely, Scheherazade spends night after night with the king and she cannot deceive him, remaining devoted to him. As a result, the king understands that his wife, Scheherazade is trustworthy and her fidelity is beyond a doubt. As a result, he decides to let her live that is apparently the highest reward she could have received for her fidelity. In such a way, the book emphasizes the importance of fidelity and its significance for the Arab world in that epoch. <br />
Nevertheless, such a kind of happy ending is not typical for tales of the book because tragic endings are quite often for the book, especially for people who proved to be infidel. At the same time, it is necessary to dwell upon the tales, in order to understand the views of people on fidelity and infidelity in that epoch. For instance, it is possible to refer to “The Porter and the Three Ladies of Baghdad” the story which gives quite an original view on the concept of fidelity and infidelity. The main characters of the story, three wealthy and beautiful sisters, invite three one-eyed Kalandras and three merchants. The merchants are Caliph and two of his companies who disguise themselves. While entering the home each guests must take the following oath: “Whoso speaketh of what concerneth him not shall hear what pleaseth him not!” (Arabian Nights, 48). Suddenly, the eldest lady stops the festivities and two female dogs are brought out to her. Without any obvious reason she beats them with a whip. After that, her mood suddenly changes, she cries and kisses both dogs and sends them awayThe eldest lady interrupts the festivities to attend to her duty. Two black bitches (female dogs) are brought out to her; she proceeds to beat them with a whip; then, tearfully kissing them both, she sends them away.<br />
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As the cateress sings a sad song, the portress penitently rends her garments and reveals to the guests the marks of a terrible beating she has suffered from. The men are curious about the causes why she has been beaten and what has happened to her. But the elderly lady grows angry and orders to bind and capture the men and demands each of their stories in exchange for their lives. <br />
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At first glance there is no problem of fidelity or infidelity in this tale. However, on a profound reflection, it is obvious that the tale gives a deeper insight on the concept of fidelity. To put it more precisely, the traditional view of fidelity is supposed to be related to the fidelity or infidelity in the relationship between men and women, while the tale discussed above reveals another side of this problem – the fidelity to the oath. In other words, the fidelity in this tale refers to the spiritual sphere rather than to the material sphere of the relationships of men and women. In such a way, this tale shows that the concept of fidelity could be used in a broader sense than it was traditionally used in European tradition, for instance (Dwight, 131). <br />
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On the other hand, there are stories, where the concept of fidelity and infidelity is closer to the traditional problem of the relationship of men and women. For instance, in “The First Kalandar’s Tale” a secret relationships of man and woman is revealed, which apparently contradicts to the basic norms and concept of fidelity.<br />
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The first Kalandar reveals that he is actually a Prince. His adventure begins with a visit to his cousin, who is also a Prince of another kingdom: sworn to an oath of secrecy, he agrees to conceal his cousin in an underground dwelling with his cousin’s lover. After that he comes back to the kingdom of his father, but he finds out that his father is killed by the Wazir who has taken the power over the kingdom. The Wazir puts out the Prince’s left eye and sentence him to death in the wilderness, but the Prince luckily escapes and runs away back to the kingdom of his uncle, who has already discovered the disappearance of his son and is grieving over it. The Prince violates his oath and tells the uncle the truth. After that he shows the entry to the secret dwelling but they find nothing but the burnt bodies of the cousin and his lover. The uncle condemns his own son and his lover spitting on them. Then they return to the palace to find it taken over by the same evil Wazir. Similarly to the father of the Prince, the uncle is killed too, while the Prince, disguised as a Kalandar, has to escape again and seek the aid of the Caliph.<br />
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In such a way, the tale reveals the story of a secret relationships of the cousin and his lover, which were based on the infidelity because their relationships was illegal and, therefore did not meet the norms of the society and it contradicted to basic moral principles that dominated in the society of that epoch. In such a context, the misfortunes the Prince faces in this tale may be viewed as a kind of punishment for his assistance to this secret relationship, while the cousin and his lover were also punished since they were burnt. Obviously, such a tragic story reveals the negative attitude of the society to the illegal, infidel relationships between men and women. <br />
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In this respect, “The Second Kalandar’s Tale” is particularly eloquent since it also leads to the tragic outcomes of the infidelity.<br />
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The Second Kalandar also turns to be a Prince. He was attacked by a band of robbers during his journey to Hind. However, he has managed to escape to a foreign city where he is taken in by a friendly tailor, who aids him in his finding work as a woodcutter. However, when he was in the forest, the Prince had discovered a secret underground dwelling, in which he found a beautiful Princess who was capture and imprisoned by an Ifrit. They spend the night together but by the morning the Prince is captured by the Ifrit, who kills the Princess for her infidelity. After that he spells the Prince and transforms him into an ape. <br />
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In such a way, the Princess and the Prince are punished for infidelity that reveals the significance of the infidelity for the Arab society in that epoch. In fact, even though Ifrit held the Princess as a prisoner this fact was not really viewed as a crime worth punishing, while the infidelity was immediately punished and this punishment was justified since the tragic development of the story reveals that the Prince who had relationships with the Princess could bring only misfortunes even to his saviors. <br />
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While wandering, the Prince, being transformed into an ape, arrives to a kingdom where he gets a chance to impress the local King with his intelligence and abilities. The daughter of the King, the Princess Sitt al-Husn is a magician and she understands that the ape is actually the Prince enchanted by a villain. She decides to save the Prince and defeats the Ifrit in a terrible battle in order to set the Prince free, only to be killed herself. The Prince transforms into a human again but he has lost his left eye in the battle with the Ifrit. He disguise himself as a Kalandar and makes his way to Baghdad. In such a way, the King’s daughter is punished for her assistance to the Prince, who provoked the infidelity of the Princess.<br />
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Furthermore, it is possible to dwell upon “The Third Kalandar’s Tale”, in which the infidelity of a man leads to his punishment. <br />
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As for the third Kalandar, Ajib son of Khazib, he, similarly to others, is another Prince. He is marooned on the island of the Magnet Mountain after the shipwreck. On the island he hears a voice which indicates him the way. On his way, the Prince kills the island’s horseman. Suddenly, a man appears on a skiff to rescue him. However, on their way to a safer place, the skiff overturns, and Ajib falls on another deserted island, where he meets a boy hidden in a secret underground dwelling. There was a prophecy, according to which the boy would be killed by the killer of the horseman of the Magnet Mountain, and so his father has hidden him there to avert death. In accordance with the prophesy Ajib accidentally kills the boy as he falls with a knife on him.<br />
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Fortunately, the tide recedes and Ajib has a chance to get to the mainland, where he meets ten one-eyed men. He joins them but the men demand that he should not ask any questions. Every night the men perform a penance by covering themselves with ash. Eventually, Ajib cannot help from asking them to tell their story. But the men send him on a bird to a palace of beautiful women, where he remains in luxury for a year. Once, all the women has gone from the palace and Ajib, wandering over the palace discovers a black stallion with a horse. He rides the horse, which then flies away and, upon landing, knocks Ajib’s eye out with his tail. After that Ajib also disguises as a Kalandar and eventually goes to Baghdad.<br />
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In fact, the tale shows that the man, who was actually happy in a palace of beautiful women, deceived them and violated the rules established in the palace that can be interpreted only as the infidelity to the women and to the rules of the palace. In such a situation, the man is severely punished for his infidelity since Ajib has his eye out with the tail of the horse, which is the punishment for his horse. In this respect, it is possible to view this part of the tale as allegory and metaphoric representation of the act of infidelity. In fact, it is possible to view the horse as a woman whom Ajib seduced when the women were absent. In such a context, the punishment seems to be justified and, compared to the King’s wives, this punishment is not as severe as the execution that makes it possible to speak about certain inequality in the interpretation of the infidelity in relation to men and women (Irwin, 194).<br />
Unlike the previously discussed tales, “The Eldest Lady’s Tale” may be viewed as an example of the story where the fidelity is rewarded. In fact, the two black female dogs turn out to be the enchanted elder sisters of the mistress of the house, also known as the eldest lady. The dogs-sisters are under the care of the eldest lady. The have been left destitute by their husbands. Once the lady and her sisters travel to a city where all people are magically turned into stone. There, the lady meets a young man who recites verses from the Koran. This man is the Prince of the city and he was not turned into stone because he was the city’s only worshipper of Allah.<br />
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Then, the lady and the Prince return to the ship and decide to marry. However, her envious sisters throw the lady and the Prince into the sea. As a result, the Prince dies, but the lady closely escapes the death and floats to shore. While she returns back to Baghdad, she comes upon a serpent being chased by a dragon, which the lady slays. In actuality, the serpent is a Jinniyah, who, in gratitude to the lady for saving her life, turns her two envious sisters into black dogs but the Jinniyah warns the lady that if she does not whip the black bitches three hundred times a night, she will be imprisoned under the earth forever.<br />
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In such a way, the lady’s fidelity to the Prince is depicted through her revenge on her sisters who actually caused the death of her beloved. The punishment of the two envious sisters is the reward for the fidelity of the lady, who was unjustly deprived of happiness with the Prince.<br />
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In such a context “Tale of the Portress” may be viewed as a classical sample of the punishment for the infidelity of a woman in relation to a man.<br />
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An old woman, deceives the portress and leads her to the home of her master. The master falls in love with the portress and wishes to marry her. The portress falls in love with him too as she sees that he is a handsome may. Soon, they are married. However, he forces the portress to swear that she will never look at another man. They live happily together for a month. Once, on a trip to the market with the old woman, the portress makes a purchase from a young man who asks for a kiss as payment. The portress refuses at first, but the old woman talks her in to allow the young man to kiss her, but, instead of kissing, he bites her on her cheek. Naturally, her husband discovers the wound and understands that his wife is infidel and deceived him. At first he want to kill her, but he is convinced by the old woman to beat her and send away. The portress has to return to the home of her eldest sister, where she mourns her misdeed and the banishment from her beloved’s home.<br />
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Obviously, the infidelity of the portress was absolutely unacceptable for the society of that epoch because she apparently could not allow a young man to kiss her as payment. However, in this respect, it is important to underline that the role of the old woman in this story is apparently underestimated and she actually flees without a punishment, though it was she who talked the portress into kissing.<br />
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At this point, it is possible to presuppose that the concept of fidelity and infidelity in that epoch were regarded as the question of the personal responsibility. In other words, it was up to the protress or any other infidel person whether to admit the infidelity or stick to the principle of the fidelity.<br />
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Thus, taking into account all above mentioned, it is possible to conclude that the concept of fidelity and infidelity play a very important role in “Arabian Nights”. At the same time, this concepts proves to be quite large since it incorporates not only the idea of the relationship of spouses or relationship of men and women, but it also extrapolates the concept of the fidelity on a spiritual level, such as the fidelity to the oath or certain moral or ethical principles. Nevertheless, whatever the infidelity is, the book shows that it should be severely punished because it is absolutely unacceptable, especially in relation to extramarital liaisons. In stark contrast, the fidelity is supposed to be rewarded and the entire story of the King Shahryar and Scheherazade and some tales show that the fidelity is one of the major virtues. In such a way, the book shows that the concept of the fidelity and infidelity occupied a very significant place in the life of the society in that epoch and the fact that the infidelity was severely punished throughout the book proves that “Arabian Nights” basically supported major Islamic concepts and principles emphasizing the importance of the fidelity and condemning the infidelity in human relations.<br />
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<b><i>Works cited:</i></b><br />
<i>Arabian Nights. New York: Penguin Classics, 2002.</i><br />
<i>Dwight, R. “The Thousand and One Nights: A History of the Text and its Reception.” In The Cambridge History of Arabic Literature: Arabic Literature in the Post-Classical Period. Cambridge UP, 2006.</i><br />
<i>Irwin, R. The Arabian Nights: A Companion. Tauris Parke, 2004.</i><br />
<i>Zipes, J.D. and R.F. Burton. The Arabian Nights: The Marvels and Wonders of the Thousand and One Nights. New York: Penguin Classics, 1991.</i><br />
<i><br /></i>Webmasterhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12862993122209298936noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2866933735922093484.post-139740135361147702018-02-27T09:51:00.002-08:002018-02-27T09:51:50.866-08:00Essay on the Best Historical Period to Live InThe Philippines, like many nations with a history of oppression, has experienced a checkered history.<br />
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The Philippines have had to fight for their independence, fending off the invasions of numerous powers. Desperate as this struggle was, there was also beauty in it as selfless heroes tried to defend their motherland and ensure its happiness. Fascinated with these courageous attempts, I would like to have lived in the period when the nation made a turn in the course of its history, breaking away from the Spanish rule. Although this turn proved to be just a transition to another colonial rule, I believe it was overall positive for the development of the Philippines as a state, if one sums up all the negative and positive aspects.<br />
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My choice is explained by the desire to participate in the struggle for liberation that ended with an impressive revolution in 1896 that became the first successful liberation effort in Spanish-controlled Asia. I would want to be old enough to take part in the events, perhaps at least 20 years old at the time Dr. Jose Rizal was killed by musketry. I am positive that it would have been great to be there on June 12, 1898, and listen to the proclamation of the Philippine sovereign state headed by General Emilio Aguinaldo. The Spanish rule was oppressive to the country. For centuries the Spanish rulers abused the Filipinos. Even Spanish priests engaged in sexual abuse, which led to the appearance of the term “'Anak ni Padre Damaso'(Child of Father Damaso) meaning the illegal child born of a priest. Liberation from the Spanish rule left Filipinos with more chances to develop their own culture and traditions. <br />
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Revolutionary events always produce a unique feeling of unity in the nation, fostering a sense of fraternity in people united by a common cause. From what I have read on the 1898 revolution, I believe that such enthusiasm was burning in the hearts of the people of the Philippines. Eager to see their nation a sovereign and prosperous state, they did not hesitate to go to war with the US that sought to replace Spain as their colonial ruler. Even though the US captured Aguinaldo and suppressed the resistance, they could not pacify the rebellious islands for a long time. Those who lived in that epoch must have had a very freedom-loving spirit and passionate love for their motherland.<br />
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Speaking of the US occupation of the Philippines, this was certainly a sad sight to anyone longing for justice and fairness in global politics. It was definitely sad to see a nation with millions of human lives sold to the US for $20 million. In contrast, it would be really inspirational to see Andrew Carnegie to offer the same amount to buy freedom for the Filipinos. <br />
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Even though the US violated the will of the Filipino people, I believe the occupation did bring some positive results to the land. Economic development spearheaded by the American policies promoted the prosperity of the land. Besides, the US finally released control of the Philippines, paving the nation for the nation’s independent existence. Living in that period would have given me a chance to take part in this economic rise, and participation in revolutionary events is certainly a thrilling opportunity. Living in that age, I would have seen a crucial turning point in the nation’s history that contributed to its advancement and success.<br />
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As an option, you have a great opportunity to have your essay on any historical topic written from scratch by <a href="https://www.essaylib.com/essay.php" rel="nofollow">EssayLib.com</a>.Webmasterhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12862993122209298936noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2866933735922093484.post-77570272577352777542018-02-27T09:48:00.005-08:002018-02-27T09:48:50.095-08:00Legal Guidelines for Unlicensed Practitioners<div style="text-align: justify;">
The professional work of unlicensed practitioners, including nutrition consultants, is regulated by numerous legislative norms and acts on different levels from the local level to the federal level. At the same time, the legal regulations are mutual and, on the one hand, they regulate the work of a nutrition specialist, while, on the other hand, they regulate the relationship of nutrition specialists with their clients. In such a way, the existing legislative norms concern not only nutrition specialists but also their clients. In such a situation, the knowledge of the legislative norms and principles provide nutrition specialists with an essential basis for the normal and stable work which guarantees the safety of the health of clients and does not raise any problems in the practice of a nutrition specialist.</div>
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On analyzing the existing legislative norms and principles, it is necessary to underline that the y tend to the strict regulation of the work of nutrition practitioners as well as the work of many other specialists working in different fields, especially those which are related to healthcare services and may affect the health of people. In such a context, the extent to which a nutrition specialist is informed of the existing legislative norms, his or her rights and duties, as well as rights of patients, defines his or her ability to protect himself or herself from possible problems caused by the violation of the existing legislative norms.</div>
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However, it is quite difficult to know absolutely all nuances of legislative norms. Moreover, a nutrition consultant is not a professional lawyer anyway and, therefore, he or she is unable to fully understand and apply effectively existing legislative norms in order to avoid possible troubles. In such a situation, the nutrition consultant should act in accordance with basic legislative principles that define all legislative norms and acts implemented in the USA on all levels. </div>
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In this respect, the US Constitution contains the fundamental legal norms and principles which are superior to all other legislative acts and norms implemented in the USA on all levels, from the federal level to the local level. Consequently, if a nutrition consultant is aware of basic principles of the Constitution and rights and liberties which the US Constitution guarantees to all citizens of the US, then he or she is able to work and develop his practice in accordance with the law because as long as he does not violate any norm of the US Constitution and as long as he or she exercises her rights and liberties guaranteed by the US Constitution he or she will not have any troubles with the law. </div>
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At this point, it is worth mentioning the fact that the US Constitution uses the Biblical concept of divine laws. In such a way, the divine laws or Mosaic laws form the foundation of the US Constitution (Legal Guidlance, 2008). Hence, in his or her professional work, a nutrition consultant should above all focus on the effect of his work on his or her client. In accordance to the Biblical laws and the US Constitution, which are amply supported by numerous legislative acts on the federal, state and local level, one of the major concerns of a nutrition consultant is avoidance of harm to the health of his or her clients. </div>
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In this respect, it is necessary to underline the fact that the work of a nutrition specialist is accompanied by certain risk since it can produce negative influence on the health of the client of a nutrition specialist. However, the deterioration of the health of the client may be provoked not only by incompetence of the nutrition consultant or by his or her professional negligence but also by numerous factors which are not dependent on the nutrition consultant. This is why the nutrition consultant should ensure that the client has understood all his or her recommendations properly and that he or she will follow these recommendations strictly. It is very important to have records of all these recommendations and consultations in order to prove innocence of the nutrition consultant if the client initiates a lawsuit against him or her, for instance. Some nutrition consultants can make a serious error if they fail to keep such records properly because gaps in the records can become a reason for allegations in competence or professional negligence.</div>
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Thus, it is possible to conclude that professionalism and attention to the basic legal norms and principles, the focus on the health of clients and avoidance of harm should be the fundamental principles of work of a nutrition consultant in the USA.</div>
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<i><b>References:</b></i></div>
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<i>Legal Guidelines for Unlicensed Practitioners. (2008). New York: Random House.</i></div>
Webmasterhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12862993122209298936noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2866933735922093484.post-1535837112819255622017-12-11T09:16:00.001-08:002017-12-11T09:16:09.386-08:00Ethical Problems in Organizations<div style="text-align: justify;">
We live in a very globalized society today, and the effects of globalization are widely observed in our daily life especially if to refer to material goods. We export olive oil from Spain and Italy, buy electronics manufactured in China, Japan, and South East Asia, purchase clothes of different brands which are being produced anywhere in the globe. </div>
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Globalization gave unlimited opportunities for transnational companies today: they can locate their production forces in third world developing countries to get extra profits from small wages and small taxes. But together with extra benefits, such unequal commodity distribution creates a lot of additional problems of ethical character. They are typical for human resource management of third world countries or developing countries, especially countries of Pacific region where principles of democracy are often not realized in practice even in western companies as most of the personnel are natives.</div>
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In such countries as China or Indonesia situation with labor in subcontractors of Adidas, Nike, Puma and other brands is very uncommon for Europeans and European understanding of production, as prisoners widely used as cheap labor. Besides, unfair labor legislation and loyalty of local companies’ representatives to local labor laws create more problems of ethical character for workers, who don’t have any rights. According to China Labor watch: “Ten sweatshop workers in China jailed for protesting unpaid salaries have been freed, with seven having their prison terms commuted to suspended sentences, a rights group said Sunday.” http://business.nmsu.edu/~dboje/nike/china.html</div>
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Such situation is very typical for the most of China and other countries (Indonesia and India for example) today. Extremely cheap labor force, unprotected by local legislation and unfair labor regulations create a lot of space for exploitation of common workers and receiving huge profits: “The conditions that many of these workers face today are no better than the conditions that Marx described in ‘Das Kapital’” (Mr. He Workers’ Rights Suffering as China Goes Capitalist August 22, 2001, NY Times)</div>
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In the western world, it’s a severe problem with ethical problems referring to goods manufactured in China, uniquely excellent and original sportswear such as Nike or Addidas. Today it’s often said that before buying their product, one should first think about children or poor workers who are paid approx. 0.1% of sneakers store retail price for their labor. The most tragic reality in this story is that there is very little expectation to change the situation for better in future. China and other developing countries of Pacific region are members in the most influential global trading organizations (for example WTO), and they are the integral members of the global goods exchange market. It’s challenging to force those countries to change labor legislation, and from the other side, it’s impossible to force international companies to relocate their production to countries with higher level of labor protection. </div>
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The only way to reduce ethical issues in the production of such sports giants as Nike, Adidas, Reebok or Puma is to continue intensive inspection of plants owned by these companies in the third world. To change HRM practices and build it on the base of European principles, also, it’s crucial to replace internal regulations on these plants which refer to labor relations and protection of labor. </div>
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<i><b>References:</b></i></div>
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<i>Mr. He Workers’ Rights Suffering as China Goes Capitalist August 22, 2001, NY Times</i></div>
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<i>D. Boje China sneaker sweatshop factory locations and stories http://business.nmsu.edu/~dboje/nike/china.html</i></div>
Webmasterhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12862993122209298936noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2866933735922093484.post-29544252747571091182017-12-11T09:11:00.002-08:002017-12-11T09:11:14.899-08:00International Business Law Essay<div style="text-align: justify;">
As globalization accelerates its pace, many companies face the drastic need to pay increased attention to global aspects of their business. Along with economic trends and cross-cultural competence, this also means the need to be proficient in international business law. A company that deals in foreign as well as domestic operations can utilize many pieces of knowledge about this domain.</div>
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In particular, knowledge of the forms of International Business is useful to someone who considers a partnership with a foreign business entity or is eager to enhance current relationships. This experience is valuable even if the company does not venture beyond the local market since it most probably has to compete with, buy from or sell to businesses that represent the international trade in its various forms. </div>
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A business executive also has to be aware of various trade regulations concerning exporting, importing, and global sourcing. In the age of the WTO and gradual movement toward free trade, with fewer and fewer government restrictions in place, the situation in the worldwide market has a direct influence on the one in the domestic market. Everyone interested in understanding the case of other businesses in virtually every industry has to read on international licensing agreements and trade controls.</div>
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As globalization of trade involves an even more significant number of countries, developing ones also increase their participation in economic dealings with other ones. A business positioned to should learn the basics of operating in developing countries, the business environment in different regions of the world, their patterns of private ownership. Less developed countries can soon become active members of the global business community, and therefore it makes sense to pay attention to what is going on there.</div>
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An international firm should also learn to manage all sorts of risks connected with global business including those related to distance and communications, linguistic and cultural differences, and currency risks. A modern businessperson should have an in-depth understanding of particular transaction risks in contracts for the sale of goods, as well as political risks and those involved in dealing with foreign legislation and judiciary.</div>
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Since every business can only function within a specific legal framework, knowledge of international law and organizations is a must for everyone venturing beyond domestic boundaries. Today, public international law and law of treaties can directly affect the situation in the domestic market. Therefore, the understanding of international law and organizations is essential even to local businesses. Every business person should have a good idea of the Vienna convention, the function of the United Nations, its General Assembly and the Security Council, as well as GATT, WTO, OECD, and the International chamber of commerce and the international court of justice. Operating within an international legal framework requires a thorough realization of differences between domestic laws and those of other countries considered in comparative law. These comparisons should be drawn at all levels of business including civil and common law. Those dealing with Muslim countries should develop an understanding of Islamic law and its specific features. </div>
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Businesspeople should learn to act ethically and responsibly react to human rights issues arising in other countries. </div>
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An organization should also accumulate expertise in technical issues related to international disputes. Those operating across borders will find disputes inevitable, and therefore understanding the framework for the resolution of international commercial disputes including alternate dispute resolution such as mediation and arbitration is a must. Occasionally, a company may become involved in litigation, in which case executives will require the knowledge of jurisdiction and different clauses that can affect the outcome of the suit. Preparation of foreign contracts also involves a great deal of experience about all sorts of arrangements, their various provisions, and clauses that can later be invoked in courts. Court disputes can require the application of the foreign and international law, and a businessperson should be prepared to understand in what way it is applied in various cases and in what ways conflicts are resolved. At times, a commercial dispute with another nation can arise, and the company needs to understand how the law will be applied in this case. It is also necessary to understand in what ways a foreign judgment is enforced if the company becomes subject to it. </div>
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Some businesses now sign foreign sales contracts. Over time, international codes such as the Universal Commercial Code (UCC) and the Convention of International Sales of Goods. Any company engaging in foreign sales contracts has to know these international codes, their provisions, and gaps in systems to understand how these laws can be applied to their exporting activity. The same is true of companies that import foreign goods. Executives should know in which cases they will be penalized, and in what cases there are excuses for non-performance in sales contracts. It is essential to know who a contract can be tested for validity to avoid signing an invalid contract. A business executive should also understand all technical details of contracts including warranties, contract terms, payment, delivery, offer, acceptance, etc. If a company faces a breach of contract, its employees should know how to react and how an illegal contract if such is signed is enforced. </div>
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A business company should also develop expertise in managing the actual sales process and understand when the actual sale takes place, i.e., when the title of goods passes from one owner to the other, what responsibilities both parties have, etc. This understanding will help the company to avoid trouble when selling or purchasing goods, especially if glitches or unethical actions on the part of the other company occur. The same applies to problems on the company’s part since an executive should understand when the company becomes liable for the damage it incurred on the other one, and how this conflict should be handled. Understanding of shipping procedures should also be inherent in the mind of a business executive. Since a carrier transports goods, the company’s employees should know to what degrees carriers are accountable for the safety and condition of goods they transport. </div>
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Insurance of goods is also a legal issue that is vital to the company interested in the safety of its goods and willing to receive compensation if goods are damaged or destroyed. The payment process is also full of various technical challenges including letters of credit, bills of exchange, time drafts, acceptances, of which a business person should have a thorough knowledge. </div>
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Since a business entity exists in a particular national state, its management should realize the relationship between the domestic state powers and international bodies. American companies, for instance, can benefit from an understanding of how national law-making affects international trade and US regulations on this trade. A group can then use this knowledge to lobby for specific projects that will improve their position relative to foreign companies in the domestic or foreign market. In the United States, an understanding of complex relations between state and federal powers is a must because many issues related to international trade will also depend on state regulations.</div>
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In essence, a business company operates in the context of laws and their enforcement. Therefore, an understanding of these rules is essential to anyone who is willing to avoid the pitfalls of litigation and trade disputes. It is also vital to know how one can hold the other party accountable if a violation of contract terms or law occurs and restore one’s rights through the judicial system. For this purpose, knowledge of the international business law is invaluable in managing the risks of dealing with foreign companies.</div>
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Webmasterhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12862993122209298936noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2866933735922093484.post-10154115849064410542017-12-04T08:43:00.001-08:002017-12-04T08:43:31.609-08:00Essay on Famous Personality<i><br /></i>
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<i>"I am by nature a perfectionist, and I seem to have trouble allowing anything to go through in a half-perfect condition. So if I made any mistake, it was in working too hard and in doing too much of it with my own hands." </i></div>
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-- Howard Hughes</div>
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Howard Hughes is one of the strangest and most extraordinary personalities of the XX century.<br />
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Those, who know at least some facts from his biography could not help being impressed by his achievements and impressive turns of his precious (in many meanings of this word) life.<br />
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Many researchers spent a considerable amount of time trying to solve the mysteries that surrounded Howard Hughes’ destiny. Regarding personality studies, he was a real boon for the psychological researchers. Even Dr. Raymond Fowler, then President of the American Psychological Association and chair of the Psychology Department at the University of Alabama, made a psychological study of Howard Hughes after his death in 1976. The findings, though sometimes controversial are undoubted of great importance and interest for those, who believe in the interrelation of the personality and forces that influence its development. In psychology, personality means a collection of emotional, thought and behavioral patterns unique to a person.<br />
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It is widely known that Howard Hughes was a pioneering aviator, engineer, industrialist and film producer (“Hell’s Angels” and “The Outlaw”). He is famous for setting multiple world air-speed records, building the Hughes H-1 Racer and H-4 Hercules airplanes. He was also acknowledged to be a playboy and one of the wealthiest people in the world, and those who knew him witness Hughes often behaved eccentrically, which in fact had weighty reasons to take place.<br />
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According to the evidence of those, who knew Howard Hughes personally, in real life, his three-lifetime goals were to become the world’s best golfer, the world’s most famous director, and the world’s foremost aviator. Adler would call it striving for perfection. Such exaggerated claims actually were stated for a good reason. Despite various failures and misfortunes, Hughes actually had made a name in both the aviation and the cinematography and was actually a good golfer. At multiple points in his life, Howard Hughes owned an international airline, two regional airlines, an aircraft company, a major motion picture studio, mining properties, a tool company, a medical research institute, gambling casinos and hotels in Las Vegas, and an impressing amount of real estate. Hughes spent a then-unheard-of $3.8 million of his own money to make Hell’s Angels, which he wrote and directed and which became a smash hit, then he later fortified his success by “Scarface” and “Outlaw.”<br />
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But it is now Hughes’ success in any sphere that is of great interest for the psychological researchers.<br />
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It is his change through the life that gradually worsens his mental condition, turning him from an ambitious young man into a disturbed person who suffered obsessive-compulsive disorder and became a recluse by the end of his life.<br />
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It is generally believed that many people’s difficulties begin with childhood experiences (e.g., abuse, neglect, sickness, parent’s sicknesses or death, parental psychological problems, divorce, poverty, immigration, etc.).<br />
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Freud assumed that who we are as adults are determined by early childhood experiences. Freud also believed that there were five «Psychosexual» stages of development and that the events in the past could influence the present such as when a person develops an obsession during one of these five stages (e.g., Howard’s obsession with germs). Hughes’ fears had causes rooted deep in his childhood.<br />
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Two basic things shaped Howard Hughes’ lifetime neurosis. First, Hughes was an only child, loved by his parents and his mother had a rather peculiar eccentricity: she tried to protect her son from all possible germs and took great care of his safety. Later in life, Hughes developed an almost obsessive fear of germs and other parasites. His paranoia about germs became so extreme that toward the end of his life Howard Hughes did not leave his rooms. This fact has numerous witnesses from his surrounding. And from their evidence, one may conclude that in addition to all mentioned above, Hughes was an introvert, who did not make friends easily. According to Fowler’s research, when sent to boarding school, Howard became increasingly unhappy, so he asked his parents to buy him a horse, and as a result, he spent more time with the animal than with boys of the same age. Hughes’ later seclusion only aggravated the innate introversion and high neuroticism (two of the three traits used in Hans Eysenck’s model to describe human personality). Now that we have numerous evidence that Howard Hughes was an introvert and who later in his life suffered obsessive-compulsive disorder, we actually have a real-life support of Hans Eysenck’s findings. Eysenck studied carefully the interaction of the two dimensions mentioned above and found that people with phobias and obsessive-compulsive disorder tended to be quite introverted, while those who suffer from conversion disorders (e.g., hysterical paralysis) or dissociative disorders (e.g., amnesia) were, in general, more extroverted.<br />
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According to Eysenck, highly neuroticism people over-respond to fearful stimuli and have certain patterns of reaction to such external irritants. Introverts learn to avoid the situations that cause panic very quickly and very thoroughly or they develop particular behaviors that hold off their fear – e.g., checking things many times over or, say, washing their hands over and over again.<br />
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If you have seen “The Aviator” movie, that was dedicated to Howard Hughes and depicted colorfully numerous psychological problems he had suffered from, you will instantly know why I mention this Eysenck’s finding here. The movie paid special attention to this very peculiarity: Hughes washed his hands intensely and sometimes even violently. And although historians do not fully agree with the opinion on the causes of this reaction, I believe the biographical scenes fully illustrate how personality and human behavior are influenced and even shaped by various external stimuli.<br />
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The second thing that influenced Howard Hughes’ personality problems was his rather early orphaning – he was not even 19 when he lost both parents within 2 years.<br />
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All the eccentricities with overcautious behavior (e.g., touching no object directly, only with the use of a handkerchief) were mostly caused by the two main reasons mentioned above. Hughes claimed he wanted to live longer than his parents so he needed such precautions as seclusion, retention from shaking hands with others, etc. In fact, he feared germs so much that it actually ruined his life and shaded his achievements.<br />
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Being an ambitious introvert, Hughes found it challenging to elude public life and make world records at the same time. His constant hunger for the highest ranks and free love for piloting and aviation, made his suffer seriously many times. During his testing flights, he crashed several times.<br />
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One of the accidents, a test flight of XF-11, was near-fatal and caused dramatic injuries to his body (some specialists believe the brain was also damaged – Hughes developed a strange habit of repeating himself).<br />
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In 1944, when Howard Hughes lived in Beverly Hills, he spent most of his time sitting naked in a white leather chair where he thought he could be free of germs. It was after he survived several crashes where others had died. Witnesses that worked for him at that time (mostly doctors and consultants) claimed he stayed in the room and he watched movies endlessly. His obsessive-compulsive disorder prospered dramatically. Here we can take a look at a theory that is quite different from what Freud suggested constructed a personality. Behaviorists explain personality regarding reactions to external stimuli, and one can not but agree that, to some extent, the environment we live in and the situations we have to dace shape our personality. The Stimulus-Response – Consequence analysis of behavior could be useful in analyzing Hughes’ reactions and changes after drastic accidents he had survived.<br />
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Of course, the retrospective analysis is always a complex undertaking, because the data often lacks consistency, reliability, and verifiability. Rumours and tales can hardly be a trustworthy source of information for research and analysis. Nevertheless, one should not ignore the fact that life events (both positive and negative) and other external stimuli influence the personality to some extent and pay a lot of attention to such causes.<br />
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I believe Howard Hughes was a prominent man who, despite numerous obstacles and unfavorable conditions, managed to succeed and reach the heights he wanted to achieve. His outstanding life, career, ambitions, and personality are worth studying, understanding and respect.<br />
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<i><b>Bibliography:</b></i><br />
<i>Engler, B. (2006) Personality Theories. 7th ed. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company. Kassin, S. (2003). Psychology. Prentice-Hall, Inc.</i><br />
<i>Eysenck, H., & Eysenck, S. (2006, February 28). The Biological Basis of Personality. Transaction Publishers.</i><br />
<i>Personality psychology. (2006, October 15). In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved October 16, 2006, from http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Personality_psychology&oldid=81502507</i><br />
<i>Greenstein, Albert (1999). Howard Hughes. Retrieved October 16, 2006, from Historical Society of Southern California Web Site: http://www.socalhistory.org/Socalhistory.org%20_mainfolder/Biographies/Hughes_Howard/Howard_hughes.htm</i><br />
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<i>After all, if you are looking for a someone professional to write a customized essay about famous personality for you, <a href="https://www.essaylib.com/" rel="nofollow">visit this professional essay writing company</a> now.</i>Webmasterhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12862993122209298936noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2866933735922093484.post-14738222817602194732017-12-04T08:36:00.002-08:002017-12-04T08:36:45.639-08:00Essay: Why People Avoid Conflicts<div style="text-align: right;">
<i>Seek first to understand, then to be understood</i>.</div>
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Steven Covey</div>
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<b>Introduction</b><br />
Conflicts occur when people can’t find consensus and disagree over the issues, which have an important meaning for them. As a result, people feel nervous and unkind to each other. Conflicts create tension and disagreement between two persons or group of people. Conflicts disturb us when we have a conflict with someone our emotional and even physical state is unstable. If the conflict is very serious and protracted, we constantly feel bad, and it can cause problems with our health and in some cases even lead to depression or mental disorder. As we can see, conflicts can have serious consequences that can bring harm to both - our opponents and us. So it’s necessary to avoid conflicts and to decide problems in a friendly and calm atmosphere. In a conflictive situation, only one side can be a winner, and the other side is an outsider and, as a rule, both sides are not satisfied with the conflict resolving. Conflicts at the workplace reduce productivity level, cause mental, psychical and physical disorders. Unfortunately, directors and managers of the companies spend too much effort trying to increase productivity level but very often forget that friendly and supportive atmosphere and absence of conflicts can become much more effective than any innovative technologies of production. There are several consequences the conflict can have on an individual. The most common effect caused by the conflict can be the following: not achieving a common aim, winning at all costs, discounting the good aspects of opponent’s point of view, bad state of the “loser” and his demoralization.<br />
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Non-conflict behavior is more natural to people and adopting such a policy in the workplace better productivity can be achieved. Decisions taken in a friendly atmosphere are usually more effective and take into account opinions of both sides. The process of resolving conflicts is necessary because it helps to get rid of stress and discomfort. This process assumes encouraging the opponents to come together and to come to the decision by common agreement.<br />
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To avoid the conflicts, it’s necessary to know what the conflict is, what its types are and what are the methods to resolve them. There are three types of conflicts, which occur in the workplace. They are: interpersonal conflict (conflict between two or more persons), intragroup conflict (a conflict within a group over concrete goals and methods to achieve them) and intergroup conflict (a conflict between two different groups of people) (Tuckman, 1977, p. 223-245)<br />
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The most effective method to resolve an interpersonal conflict in the organization is to calm down, sit and write the positives and the negatives of your opponents. The negatives must be written taking into account only objective facts, not emotions that have caused this conflict. The opponent must do the same. Then opponents share their lists and discuss them and so find compromises and the right solution.<br />
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It’s much more difficult to resolve the group-level conflict but if to find the right method it can be rather easy. The two groups create lists that contain thoughts on the other group. Both groups read their thoughts, discuss them in a circle in a calm atmosphere without aggression or offense. Then, together they create plan how to solve common problems (Wheelan, 2003, p.9-427)<br />
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<b>Consensus</b><br />
Techniques, used for resolving conflicts are not always suitable for different situations. Unfortunately, very often these methods cannot be applied or the can give no result. It’s better not to bring the situation to the conflict and try to avoid conflicts. The most effective method to avoid the conflict inside the organization is to find the consensus.<br />
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The consensus refers to the achievement of agreement on this or that issue by both opponents or all members of a group. The process that the group comes through to reach the consensus is called the consensus process. The consensus is based on a principle that both sides have some part of true and none of the parties possess 100% knowing the truth. The second principle is respect for the opponent. It’s necessary to listen to the opponent’s opinion and try to understand him.<br />
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To reach consensus, it’s necessary to be patient, articulate, reasonable and has a sense of humor. It’s just humor that often can help to avoid the conflict and both sides must be ready to take some points with a sense of humor. Opponents should try to be objective, and they shouldn’t show their impatience and irritation in any way as it can lead to a conflict immediately. Total objectivity is impossible, but both opponents should remain as neutral in the discussion as possible. Consensus requires a high level of trust between the opponents. Persons must be sure that their opponent wants to find the true decision and so will give true arguments based on facts. Expression “The end justifies the means” isn’t suitable for finding consensus between two people.<br />
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To reach the consensus, it’s necessary to follow some rules. First of all, it’s necessary to listen to the opponent’s ideas and try to understand his argumentation. It’s also important to come to the discussion of a problem with the open mind; be ready not to promote your idea but to listen to your opponent. A brief description of your position briefly can also become very useful. Form the other side the person shouldn’t change his or her mind just to reach consensus and avoid conflict (Kreitner, 2004).<br />
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Reaching the consensus, both sides get the possibility to take the advantage of all the ideas that were proposed. Single individual thoughts and ideas are rather subjective but when two or more people combine their thoughts, they can find more objective and high-quality decision. “Consensus decisions can be better than vote decisions because voting can actively undermine the decision. People are more likely to implement decisions they accept, and consensus makes acceptance more likely (Estes, 1983).<br />
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Of course, there can be some difficulties with consensus. For example, finding a consensus can take a long time if the opinions are opposed or one or two persons in the group may not try to find the right decision and cannot trust their opinion on the group. There are cases during the discussion when a group can dominate single individuals and make them accept the decision. It isn’t a real consensus; it’s called “groupthink.” Groupthink occurs when not all people agree with the decision, they haven’t resolved all the disagreements but under pressure of a group take the decision. In consensus, all the disagreements are resolved, and that’s very important. Openness and common efforts can help to avoid conflicts, reach consensus and find the decision in a friendly atmosphere.<br />
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<b>Other ways to avoid conflict</b><br />
To avoid conflict, it’s necessary to be an attentive listener and to follow tactic to avoid conflictive situations. Of course, it’s impossible not to argue at the workplace at all; it’s normal to have different opinions, it’s just necessary to be tolerant of your opponent. Don’t try to confront every issue. It’s useless, and not every issue is worth confronting.<br />
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It’s practically impossible to avoid conflict or to resolve it if the other person doesn’t want to do it. “It takes two to tangle. And two to untangle.” (Kreitner, 2004).<br />
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Emotional state is an essential component of conflict resolving. Your emotions come through your opponent, and if you come with anger, another side will immediately notice this and the reaction will be the correspondent. Positive emotions and feelings such as respect, beneficence, and love will do their job. The opponent will be open for you and will be ready to cooperate with yours. What you bring to people is what comes out.<br />
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It the conflict can’t be avoided it should be resolve, anyways. All negative emotions disappear with time, and the only thing that is left is a positive result that was achieved. Unresolved conflict gets only worse, the feeling of discomfort haunts both parties of the conflict and has the negative influence on the entire working productivity.<br />
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“Seek first to understand, then to be understood,” says Steven Covey. This golden rule will help you to avoid a million conflicts in your life. If you are aimed to understand the opponent the opponent will feel it and will try to do the same. It’s much easier to find the correct decision if you can prove arguments for both sides (www.bizspirit.com).<br />
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<b>Conclusion</b><br />
We can make a conclusion that person can’t avoid conflict situations in the workplace, but he can reduce them or even minimize. To do it every person must follow certain rules in the discussion. The ability of assertiveness is very important if you want to avoid conflicts. “Assertiveness is the ability to express one’s feelings and assert one’s rights while respecting the feelings and rights of others” (Wheelan, 2003, p.223-245). Assertiveness is a natural ability in a way but its also a skill that can be learned. Assertive communication is based on openness, honesty and, what is important, respect. It takes into account feelings and needs of your opponent.<br />
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There are different ways to deal with the conflict. Conflict avoiding and conflict resolution assistance should be the policy of the organization, but not only the subject of concern of certain individuals. There are several ways to reduce too many conflicts or to make their settlement easier inside the organization.<br />
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First of all, it’s necessary to minimize the possibility to get stress at the working place. Special consultants must teach people how to deal with conflictive situations and get rid of them. Mediation is also a prevalent policy of dealing with conflict inside the organization.<br />
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Different organizations require different approaches to resolving the conflict; the main thing is to make it the policy of the company or the organization.<br />
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<b>Bibliography</b><br />
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<ol>
<li>Estes, Caroline. “Consensus Ingredients” In Context: A Quarterly Journal of Humane Sustainable Culture, Fall, 1983.</li>
<li>Kreitner, R., & Kinicki, A. Organizational behavior (7th ed.) New York: Mc-Graw Hill/Irwin, 2004.</li>
<li>Tuckman, B.W., & Jensen, M.A. “Stages of Small-Group Development Revisited.” Group & Organization Studies,. 2(4), 1977: 419-427.</li>
<li>Wheelan, S.A., Davidson, B., & Tilin, F. “Group Development Across Time: Reality or Illusion?” Small Group Research, 34(2), 2003: 223-245.</li>
<li>“Resolving Conflict is Worth the Effort.” Business Spirit Journal retired from http://www.bizspirit.com/bsj/archive/articles/yerkes2.html</li>
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Webmasterhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12862993122209298936noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2866933735922093484.post-7008967620642818272017-11-29T08:36:00.005-08:002017-11-29T08:36:46.076-08:00Symbols in 'Snow' by Ann Beattie EssayTo start with, I’d like to say few words about Ann Beattie’s works and style of writing. Ann Beattie enlarged American literature by writing seven novels and seven collections of short stories. Allegories and unique symbols make her works sensitive and touching. Sometimes it’s difficult to understand what symbols mean. But when you do realize that the impression is unforgettable, after her first publications, critics started to argue whether Beattie was stronger in novels or short stories.<br />
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But all critics came to a conclusion, that first of all Beattie had an impressive unique style, which corresponded to tastes of various readers. Critics say Beattie has a remarkable talent. Her works are right for life and the most perceptive after Salinger’s. Her stories are read and studied as classics. She is called a new voice in American fiction. Her works depict truths about contemporary life of her generation. In one of the interviews, Ann Beattie mentioned that readers and authors look differently at the same stories. For her success in writing, it is first of all clarity and vividness of depiction.<br />
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Most of Beattie’s stories begin with a short line, usually consisting of less those 10 words. She personally says that it’s just the simplest way to begin a story… just for herself, to write a short sentence and then to develop it into a story. She mentions that stories that are rather short (like “Snow”) were written extremely quickly, and hardly revised. Generally, such stories are just a continuous stream of thoughts. Some people may think that it’s hard to develop the plot and a large group of characters in a short period of time. It may be difficult to write from the point of view of the character, especially when it differs from that of the author. Beattie has an impressive feeling where to stop the narration to affect the reader to full extent. “Snow” is a concise fictional narrative prose.<br />
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Due to its brevity, it relies on such devices as plot, theme, character, language to a greater extent than long narrations. Beattie’s short stories tend to be less complex than novels. “Snow” has a single plot, focuses on a limited number of characters. As a typical example of modern short story “Snow” has an abrupt beginning. The classical impression of a short story is that it must be able to be read in one sitting. Ann Beattie’s “Snow” is only several pages long. The plot of the story seems to be rather simple. An unknown narrator tells us few facts from his life, but they are probably very important.<br />
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She ‘grew up, fell in love and spent winter with her lover in the country’. Events during that winter don’t seem to be very significant, the details are quite trifling. She remembers a chipmunk, jumping out of the firewood and running around the house. She tells about how they (her lover and she) painted the kitchen in a garish yellow color. But most of all she emphasizes on a vast amount of snow, filling the sky, reminding Queen Anne’s lace. But it is certainly an unusual metaphor, as it’s understandable that Queen’s lace can’t belong to the sky and can’t grow in winter. Actually, Queen Anne’s lace is a wildflower.<br />
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These memories do symbolize significant moments in narrator’s life. The chipmunk was indigenous to the house. He runs across the library and stops precisely at the front door as if he perfectly knew the place. As a result, it gives an impression that the lovers don’t belong to this house and interfere with its business. A new yellow paint seems to be alien here, as people who used it are interlopers.<br />
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Apart from this, she writes her last memory, some years after they lived there. She remembers a man next door dies. The narrator goes to express her respects to the widow. But she turns and looks back at the house and suddenly notices few crocuses, growing weakly in the April ground. And she says those flowers ‘couldn’t compete,' rather than seeing life’s power against death. But then appears the question, with what can’t he compete. People are always inspired to look forward and not to notice troubles of the past, to set eyes on the horizon and continue to experience life. She went on with her life after relationships with her lover were broken. But she couldn’t help recollecting all those events which happened to them in winter when they were lovers. And winter in the country still has power over her memory. Snow always reminds her of those days which have gone forever. She cannot consider it as unimportant. Though everything is in the past, it fills her present life with memories.<br />
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<i><b>References:</b></i><br />
<i>1. J.B. Montresor, The Critical Response to Ann Beattie. Greenwood Press, 1993.</i><br />
<i>2. A. Beattie. Where You’ll Find Me: And Other Stories. Scribner; Reprint edition, 2002.</i><br />
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Webmasterhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12862993122209298936noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2866933735922093484.post-89234386101949363502017-11-29T08:29:00.000-08:002017-11-29T08:30:48.952-08:00The Development of Art Essay<b>The Influence of the Social, Political, or Economic Conditions on the Development of Art</b><br />
Art and culture cannot exist separately from the society. They both belong to people and are produced by them, and that is why they usually become a reflection of political, social and economic changes in the society. If we study and compare the art of different periods of our history, we will notice that technique always corresponds to other fields of human life. Each global political, social or economic change has always provoked the development of new trends in art and culture. Art does not exist separately as it still belongs to people, who make the part of the society. That’s why whatever an artist expresses through his works, he voluntary or involuntary illuminates the tendencies of the society he lives in.<br />
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For example, Baroque style, which appeared at the beginning of the 17th century in Italy and became quickly widespread all over the Europe, reflected new changes in the world’s political and religious scene. Considerable changes in the structure of the Church and the wave of Protestant Reformation have changed the state of the world religion forever and weakened the influence of the Roman church. The power and even the meaning of the Church were transformed. Significant changes also required the appearance of the new art called Baroque. In the middle of the 16th century, church authorities addressed to the prominent people of art with the demand to make the art more understandable for illiterate, ordinary people. Such a conception became later reflected in the Baroque. Baroque appealed to the feelings of the people rather than their rational side. Emotions, space, drama, and grandeur, which became the main characteristics of the Baroque style, appealed to the emotive side of the personality. These characteristic features can be found in the paintings of Peter Paul Rubens for Marie de Medici in Luxemburg palace or Bernini’s sculpture Saint Theresa in Ecstasy for the Cornaro chapel.<br />
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Neoclassicism came to change Baroque in art. Neoclassicism lasted from the middle of the 18th till the beginning of the 19th century. In contrast to the ostentation of Baroque, Neoclassicism turned to the Classical art of ancient Greece and Rome. Growing interest in ancient culture was also inspired by the founding of Pompeii and Herculaneum ruins. It illustrated the attention to old traditions and classical style. Artists used Biblical themes and works of art as a basis to create new things. They transformed and changed ancient motives making them serve their purposes. So, Neoclassicism became a unique combination of modern motives in the art with old themes, methods, and tendencies.<br />
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People, tired of grandeur and ostentation of Baroque wanted to come back to classical, more reserved and straightforward art. Neoclassicism reflected the development of sciences and interest to rational aspect of human life. So, rationality and great growing interest in traditions became the main characteristics of this style of art. Jacques Louis David, a French painter, created his works in Neoclassical style. Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres also was the representative of this form of art. <br />
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Antonio Canova from Italy and John Flaxman from England were famous neoclassic sculptors.<br />
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<b><span style="color: #999999;"><i>Sources</i></span></b><br />
<span style="color: #999999;"><i>Germain Bazin, Baroque and Rococo Art, 1974 </i></span><br />
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<span style="color: #999999;"><i>Walter Friedlaender, David to Delacroix, 1980</i></span>Webmasterhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12862993122209298936noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2866933735922093484.post-43151203796357597172017-11-20T10:18:00.000-08:002017-11-20T10:18:05.510-08:00Excellent Interpersonal CommunicationJulia Morstyn is my high school friend. I think her to be an excellent interpersonal communicator based on my observations of her interactions with people of different ages and backgrounds. With almost everybody, she is likely to establish a friendly contact within minutes. She smiles a lot to people she sees for the first time, and somehow they tend to respond to her in a fairly friendly and welcoming manner themselves. <br />
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However, Julia is not just good with those she meets – she is also respected and well-liked by most people whom she has known for a long time. Most students in our class were happy to seek her approval in everything they do. When they had a problem or disagreement with someone, Julia was often the one to confide in and consult. I believe she has an amazing capacity for sympathy and understanding, and with this quality she has friendship with many people who honor the chance to be her friend.<br />
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One of Julia’s important qualities that permit her friendly interactions with her peers is her quiet and tender character. She is not quick to get angry; on the contrary, she is always ready to hear the other person’s side. Amazingly for many teenagers, she does not respond with anger even when she is most definitely addressed in a hostile and unfriendly manner. In this case, she prefers to answer in a composed, reserved tone. Many things others take as insults are to Julia mere nuisances. This helped her to maintain positive relationships with teachers who are often irritated by the perky and impudent retorts they get from other students and appreciate Julia’s quiet and cooperative manner. On the other hand, Julia always behaves with dignity toward everybody, and this prevents her peers from seeing her as subservient.<br />
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Julia’s excellence in communication also lies in her ability to speak common language with people from all walks of life. Coming from a middle-class family, she understands very well those from poor quarters and those from wealthy family backgrounds. I think it is because she has something human to offer them as a basis for interaction, warmth and kindness that surpass cultural and class boundaries. We have a group of Indian students, and she is the only American who is friend with almost each of them. Many newcomers to the school also depend on Julia to show them around. I think is the aura of friendliness in her appearance and manner that attracts people to her. In addition, she also has a non-judgemental attitude toward people. Compared to the average teenager, her level of acceptance of other people’s differences is very high. This makes people who lack acceptance from others comfortable in her company as they know she will treat their opinions with respect. <br />
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To avoid the impression that Julia is a perfect communicator, I would like to point out that, in my view, she is not that impressive with doing oral presentations. Her skills are not absolutely inadequate. On the other hand, she does not have a voice loud and distinct enough, and her manner could have been more confident. Still, in classes where she is well-known, Julia’s presentations nevertheless enjoy attention. People will leave their affairs behind and listen to what she is saying because of her good rapport with peers.<br />
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Julia’s communication skills make her a good resource for teachers who will often give her tasks that demand a high level of support from the group. In many cases, she will be made responsible for organizing initiatives, starting new clubs etc. Overall, Julia is a good organizer as she tries to integrate everybody’s opinion in the preparation for the event. She is a very good coordinator and can track various activities, controlling people without offending them. I believe it is her respect for everybody’s opinion that makes her such an excellent communicator and organizer.<br />
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Naturally, Julia has a number of long-term friendships. She seems to maintain many ties with people she has known from her earliest days. Today, she is still in touch with many she knew as a high school student, and it is through her that we can often get news about each other. Julia’s enjoyment in meeting and communicating with people it obvious, and I believe it is her great asset as communicator. People are attracted to those that love interacting with them, and repay this enjoyment with gratitude and love. In Julia’s case, they also reciprocate the respect she has for them with their own respect and understanding. <br />
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Webmasterhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12862993122209298936noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2866933735922093484.post-36782397162441748802017-11-20T10:15:00.001-08:002017-11-20T10:15:08.599-08:00Comparison Essay: The Fish and Traveling Through the DarkThe first thing that catches the attention when reading both of the poems is the commonness of their topic. Having different endings both poems present a poetic hero who faced the choice of what to do with the animal. In my opinion the both of the authors demonstrated the situation when a human being was superior to another living creature and life or death of that creature was in the persons hand. It seams that this situation is able to demonstrate the character of the person in the best way. At the same time the stories are rather different.<br />
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<b>'Traveling through the dark'</b><br />
In Stafford's "Traveling through the Dark" the author tells the story of a man who was driving his car on the narrow mountain road and saw a deer who became a victim of the unfortunate accident. He knew that it was best to drop be body into the river since it could have caused more victims due to the narrowness of the road. <br />
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<i>It is usually best to roll them into the canyon: </i><br />
<i>that road is narrow; to swerve might make more dead. </i><br />
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However, examining the body he found that the deer was pregnant and that the fawn was still alive. While the mother was dead and almost cold it was hard to think of the way how to help that poor creature.<br />
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<i>her side was warm; her fawn lay there waiting, </i><br />
<i>alive, still, never to be born. </i><br />
<i>Beside that mountain road I hesitated. </i><br />
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The author then, putts in the description of that moment of hesitation and decision-making, which would also be found in the next poem.<br />
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<i>I stood in the glare of the warm exhaust turning red; </i><br />
<i>around our group I could hear the wilderness listen. </i><br />
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An then just in one line he describes the resolution of that hesitation. The words “then pushed her over the edge into the river” finalize the poem. This final creates an interesting emotional effect. It doesn’t give the reader any explanation of the reasons why the character did what he did but rather makes the reader face the fact and judge the doing of the poet’s hero according to their own moral, views on the world and image of the situation that the hero had to face. <br />
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As for me, I was a bit surprised by the decision the lyrical hero came to, however, thinking about it later on I came to the conclusion, that despite the fact that fawn was still alive there were no chances of saving it and in the end of the day it didn’t matter whether it would die in the water of the river and the possible danger would be prevented or it will die soon after the death of its mother and possibly cause another death.<br />
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<b>'The Fish'</b><br />
Some similarities to the Stafford’s poem can be found in "The Fish" by Elizabeth Bishop. She depicts the view of the fish that was caught and was an amazing creature. “A tremendous fish” is described accurately and with many bright details that give the reader an idea how the fisher admired the creature. <br />
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<i>Here and there</i><br />
<i>his brown skin hung in strips</i><br />
<i>like ancient wallpaper,</i><br />
<i>and its pattern of darker brown </i><br />
<i>was like wallpaper:</i><br />
<i>shapes like full-blown roses</i><br />
<i>stained and lost through age</i><br />
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The author dedicates the greater part of the poem to the description of the fish making it the bright and detail picture that is enforced by different epithets. The description of the suffering that the fish goes through is also included, however it doesn’t really care any emotions and as the result doesn’t appeal to any of the reader’s emotions. Here author uses the same tool that Stanford does. However, the description here is the basic element of the plot and the turning point of the poem lies also within that description.<br />
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<i>hung five old pieces of fish-line,</i><br />
<i>or four and a wire leader</i><br />
<i>with the swivel still attached,</i><br />
<i>with all their five big hooks</i><br />
<i>grown firmly in his mouth.</i><br />
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Without openly expressing any thoughts the author leads the description from this point to the final decision. Through the description she depicts all the emotions and respect that built inside of the fisher. Again, the picture of the nature around the boat and of some other details are prior to the final decision:<br />
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<i>the sun-cracked thwarts,</i><br />
<i>the oarlocks on their strings, </i><br />
<i>the gunnels--until everything</i><br />
<i>was rainbow, rainbow, rainbow!</i><br />
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And then, as it happened in the “Traveling through the dark” the decision is described in one final line “And I let the fish go”. And again, the author lives us with the final decision and in search of reasons and motives that contributed to this decision. <br />
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In this case I expected that the situation would resolve in this way. To the great extend it was obvious and radiated through the descriptions the author used. <br />
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