Macbeth : "This dead butcher and his fiend-like queen".

Macbeth Essay

To what extent is this a full and fair description of the two protagonists?

In this quote, Malcolm, refers to Macbeth as a “dead butcher” and to Lady Macbeth as Macbeth’s “fiend like queen.” In this instance, butcher is implied to mean one who kills; showing neither remorse nor reason for his actions. The fiend is depicted to mean that Lady Macbeth is a very evil and immoral person, capable of enchanting her victims into a false sense of security. As Macbeth’s reign as king draws out, he may have shown a very insensitive attitude in the way that he murders many people. However, to say that he is butcher is not a fair description of him, as it does not represent his properties of nobility, courage and honour that he had at first displayed. The description of Lady Macbeth as a fiend is a more representable one. She is the one who induced the power of evilness into Macbeth’s soul, allowing him to commit such a heinous act as killing his king, an act which he never would have committed prior to her coercing.

In the beginning, Macbeth is a powerful lord as Thane of Glamis with a prospering life being lived with his wife, Lady Macbeth. He is a noble and valiant soldier, not a butcher and he is quite capable of dying in battle to save his king. This property is one of his strongest, even supported by the acknowledgment that he receives for it – his gaining of a new title as Thane of Cawdor. Following this event, Lady Macbeth receives a letter from her husband, informing her of his new title as well as the witches and their predictions. Although her blood may have been pure a time long ago, the Lady is not so now; she immediately develops a plan for the murder of Duncan so that her husband can become the new king. However, she notes that her plan is flawed because of Macbeth’s worthy and kind nature. Macbeth may be able to slaughter his enemies on the battleground, but he shows great respect and kindness to his friends and especially his king. She knows that although he harbours great ambition, it will be difficult to convince him do such an act of murder and treason – “Yet do I fear thy nature; It is too full o’ th’ milk of human kindness to catch the nearest way. Thou wouldst be great, Art not without ambition, but without the illness should attend it.”(I. 5. 15-19).

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As said above, Lady Macbeth’s fiend-like qualities first show through after she receives Macbeth’s letter. She seems to have hatred towards the fact that she is a woman. She believes that the traditional role of the women as sensitive, caring and beautiful hold her back from what her mind is capable of doing, murder. In her famous soliloquy she says “Come, you spirits that tend on mortal thoughts, unsex me here and fill me, from the crown to the toe, top-full of direst cruelty.” (I. 5. 39-42). She wishes to be liberated from her skin, the pale, soft yet powerless barrier which holds her back from the deeds she believes that must be done. Further on in her soliloquy she says “Make thick my blood, stop up th’ access and passage to remorse…” (I. 5. 42-43). Not only does she want her barriers removed, but she also wishes for an end to her conscience and guilt; an end to her emotions and remorse. This is a combination which would then allow her to become more of a butcher than Macbeth ever became. Throughout the whole play, the Lady gives definition to the term fiend in countless and varied ways.

Macbeth is again seen to counter the image that has been drawn of him as a butcher prior to Duncan’s murder as he contemplates the severity of his actions and whether he should continue or not. Macbeth says “First, I am his kinsman and his subject – strong both against the deed…” (I. 7. 13-14) and argues against his murder of Duncan, he does not believe that is right for him to kill both his king and his cousin. Macbeth succeeds in persuading himself against the murder of Duncan, as seen when he says “I have no spur to prick the sides of my intent, but only vaulting ambition, which o’erleaps itself and falls on the other…” He compares his ambition to that of riding a horse, but then says that he has no purpose to leap too high on his horse as to kill his king, because he knows that he will only fall off. Clearly no butcher would stop to contemplate his actions before killing someone and a butcher would certainly not be able to stop themself, as butchery is an act that is done senselessly and without thought.

At this point in time, the Lady is seen to again exercise her powers over her husband. One of these powers is her knowledge of his weaknesses, and she uses this knowledge to finally change his constantly swaying opinion. She says “To be the same in thine own act and valour as thou art in desire? Wouldst thou have that which thou esteem’st the ornament of life, and live a coward in thine own esteem…” (I. 7. 40-42). In this statement she attacks Macbeth’s honour and bravery as well as his vaulting ambition. Macbeth is told that he should be able to act as he thinks and he is called a coward for not doing so. It is very unlikely the Macbeth has ever been called a coward before and it is possible that this comment in itself would have the power to invoke Macbeth to do the terrible deed, to prove to her that his courage is still strong. However, the Lady’s terrible intentions are not fully understood until she makes the following comment to reinforce her argument as to why Duncan should be killed “I would, while it (her baby) was smiling in my face, have plucked my nipple from his boneless gums and dashed the brains out, had I so sworn as you have done to this.” (I. 7. 56-58). It is no human who says this but a person whom fiend does little to describe; what mother would ever cause such harm to their baby, even if they had sworn to do this?

Macbeth is not a butcher, and the lady is not just a fiend. As can be seen, although the quote does describe perhaps certain aspects of both their characters it is a very vague description and does not fully portray their characteristics. Macbeth is a brave man, led to his downfall because of his weaknesses and the unfortunate property of his wife to exploit them. A fiend is a more appropriate description of the Lady but it still fails to capture the true essence of her character as an extremely disturbed and evil person. It would be fair to say that the quote tries to summarise their characters in one short line but in the process makes them seem less dramatic and less complex than they really are.

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Black English Essay

Essay on Black English

African American students bring a language to the classroom that, although accepted in many schools, can be criticized as simply “poor” or “lazy” English. Though belittled and denied, it lives on authentically in homes, schools, churches, and streets. Most black children know this as the language of their family members

Imagine, for a moment, that a child and his friends are casually talking about something exciting that recently happened. Although this is a typical conversation, to anyone outside of the African American community, this dialogue might seem invalid or incorrect. This is because the children are speaking a form of English called Ebonics. Now imagine that after using this form of English all their lives, a teacher tells the children it is wrong. The English they use every day of their lives to communicate with friends and family is simply wrong? Most Linguists strongly disagree.

The term Ebonics combines ebony and phonics. In other words, “language of blacks”(Landrum 1). It is usually described as a free-style or simpler form of English, which includes the elimination of “to be” verb and the use of double negatives. This language originated in the African slave community. Although those who were enslaved learned English, many accidentally eliminated words, or added unnecessary ones. Of course, the slaves taught this to their children who, in turn, taught it to their children, and so on (Hart 3). Today African Americans still actively use this “shuffling speech of slavery”(Landrum 6). “Dismissing Ebonics as ‘fool talk’ or ‘ninny speech’ hurts our pride. This language carries our history!”(qtd. in Fox 11). There is standard, formal, casual, and custom English. Most Blacks say “why not Black English?”

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Some unnamed members of the Board of Education say the language should not be accepted in schools because African American students who speak it are falling by the wayside in America’s educational system. They’re saying that the majority of Black English speaking students have simply forgotten how to speak Standard English, which accounts for low SAT scores (Russel 5). However, Board member, Tony Cook, say’s “There is a huge issue of Ebonics portrayal in the media. Just because someone says ‘I be’ doesn’t mean they are intellectually deficient.” He goes on to explain that Blacks tend to live in impoverished areas with poor educational systems. Thus poor education is the reason for low SAT scores, not Ebonics ( qtd. in Rickford 12). In addition to his point, I.Q. tests results are essentially the same as all other ethnic groups, proving again that the use of

Black English does not affect intelligence. So why shouldn’t Ebonics be treated as any other language spoken by an ethnic group? The form of English which includes Yiddish, for example, is not at all ridiculed or treated with disdain. It is simply regarded as another form of English casually used by the Jewish community. This can make one question if this is a race issue, as many very well believe. Because there is the stereotype that whites are generally smarter than blacks, the language might not be as widely accepted because Ebonics is a black language. Therefore it is regarded as a very ignorant form of English.

Oakland school systems have developed a plan to help change the way Ebonics is viewed by teachers and students. Teachers are required to go through a program that helps them understand Black English on many different levels. They learn the origin of the language, how it is used, and how to be patient with those who use it. One of the first things educators learn in the program is that Ebonics speakers are no less intelligent than Standard English speakers. Many parents of Oakland school children were upset to learn that the teachers were going through this program, in fear of them accepting the language as Standard English. Yet the principle reassured them that the program was to have teachers understand Ebonics, not teach it. In the highly popular book Black English: its role in our children’s education (pg.17) by Joyce Hart, Board member Cook states, “By treating Black English as any other separate language, it allows teachers to demand Standard English in the classroom without damaging students' self-esteem.” Many teachers in Oakland now say that the program has been very successful and makes it easier for them to teach. The students at Oakland’s public school won’t be told that double negatives are poor English. It will just simply be translated into Customary English like one would do for a foreign student unsure of an English term.

“Most African Americans still invoke “spoken Soul” as we have for hundreds of years, to laugh, cry, preach or praise!” says John Russel proudly, author of Spoken Soul: The Story of Black English. Ebonics has been spoken in this country, as Russel said, for hundreds of years. It has been passed down through generations and it is rare to find an African American who doesn’t know how to use it. Most will agree that Ebonics has an advantage over Standard English. One can say with Black English in a few short words, what others have to say in an entire sentence with Customary English. For Example “I went to the store with Stacy, Tracy, and her brother” can be easily said in Ebonics as “I went to da sto’ wit Stacy ‘nem.” In his book Claiming Earth (pg 32), Haki R. Madhubuti proudly states, “That which is most unique about us besides our variety of facial expressions and skin shading, is the musical quality of our utterances. We
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speak in magical voices. Our language carries our history. Its memories being vocalized. All cultures have this. Blacks in this country have been negatively categorized and put down by others, mainly whites, who are ignorant of the value and beauty of linguistic differences.” Black English is not only a powerful language, but as Dr. Madhubuti stated, it carries Black history!

Every culture has something unique about it, whether it is physical appearance, foods, music, form of dance, linguistic differences, or all of the above.

Sweet potato pie, Blues and Rock n’ Roll music are all acknowledged as a part of African American as well as American culture. If White America claims most of the Black foods, dances, and music, then why not Black English? Maybe because this language goes far back into slavery and America has a hard time being reminded of that. On the other hand, perhaps White America will never fully understand all the terms of Black English since it relates to the cultural experience of Black people. It’s time for America to start accepting all of Black culture, not just the part with which it is comfortable. In conclusion, Ebonics is certainly worthy of being recognized as an alternative language in schools.

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Essay on Reframing

Reframing Essay

A frame of reference can be defined as ‘a system of assumptions and standards that sanction behaviour and give it meaning.’ It helps manager’s order experience and aid decision-making, allowing them to analysis complicated data and events quickly and effectively. However, in increasingly complex and dynamic organisational environments the use of a single frame of reference is becoming constraining.

Managers must realise that superior decisions to organisational problems are likely to emerge as a result of recognising that any given situation can be viewed from a number of perspective’s or frames. Boleman and Deal describe four frames, and claim the advantages of using these are unbounded. Viewing the environment based on the structural, human resource, political and cultural frames allows mangers to develop multiple alternatives, adapt to complex and changing environments and overcome the limitations of using one single frame. Therefore, a manager’s frame of reference is not their most enabling asset, but rather their most disabling weakness.

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A manager’s frame of reference is not their most enabling asset as it limits their ability to explore alternative strategies, processes and opportunities. As people become familiar with a certain frame, the need to accept and explore new ways of doing things is neither recognised nor considered. (Dunbar et al, 1996) As a result managers become trapped in the past, and find themselves unable to adapt to changing competitive landscapes. They begin to rely exclusively on a standardised frame and ingrained ways of thinking and acting that have served them well in the past start to dominate their mindset. (Dunbar et al., 1996) Consequently opportunities are missed and investments misused. The organisation tends to focus in one uncompromising direction, and all factors unrelated to this path are ignored. (Porac et al, 1996) While this can be rewarding if the direction chosen is the correct one, this is rarely the case in the long run and often leads the organisation into increasing trouble. Even when a problem is detected, relying on a single frame often may not provide any significant insights or solutions to the problem, leading to a growing sense of inertia within the company. (Dunbar et al., 1996) The changing nature of competitive advantages is also making the ability to explore alternative opportunities increasingly important. While in the past competitive advantages were relatively sustainable and built upon a stable set of core competencies, today both competitive advantages and to an extent core competencies are transient in nature. (Gurad et al., 1996) Globalisation, technology and freely available information reduce both product lifecycles and organisational dominance. (Whitwell et al, 2003) As a result managers must constantly scan the external environment, developing multiple options and strategies in response to a wide variety of variables. This process is extremely limiting and constraining if managers view the world from a single frame. In fact the realisation of change is often not recognised until too late, by which time core competencies that managers rely on have become ‘core millstones’ around the organisations neck. (Garud & Nayyar, 1994) However, scanning the environment through multiple frames can provide the organisation with a wealth of options. (Boleman et al, 1997) Rather than being wed to the past or present, an organisation’s strategy evolves as the environment and organisation itself evolves. The firm becomes flexible and dynamic, and in a sense the ability to deframe and reframe becomes the organisations only enduring advantage. Developing multiple reference frames is crucial for companies in today’s business environment, and its ability to develop wide-ranging alternatives for a company clearly makes it a managers most enabling asset.


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Essay on Money Motivates

Money Motivation Essay

What is money? Money is nothing but what you see- printed coins and paper, yet looking at society today it is plain to see money plays a vital part. There is no question that we live in a very materialistic world today. In this kind of society, it is projected that the only true motivation is that of “making the most money.” We, the affirmative team believe this to be true, especially in the context of the workplace. The driving force that ultimately guides work-related behaviour is money, money and only money. That is “only money motivates.”

According to the Collins Dictionary the term motivate is defined as “to give incentive to”. It is regarded as the “internal drive” that compels an individual to portray distinct behaviour (Kreitner, 1995). In defining the word money on the other hand, we look beyond the general concept of money only being notes and coins, seeing that we believe money in the circumstances of the workplace can exist in various forms. Examples of which include profit sharing, commissions and share issues as well as objects with a high monetary value. The following paragraphs will attempt to prove the statement "only money motivates" by illustrating various examples that have perceived to confirm this statement true.

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You only have to take one look at society today to acknowledge that only money motivates. The lottery for instance, there is no other reason behind a person’s motive in buying a lottery ticket other than that person being motivated by the idea they could win a bucket load of money. Even reality TV and radio today entice people with an amount of money to exploit themselves in every way imaginable. Lets face it, would you hunt down the 2day FM fugitive for the fun of it? Would you eat a bull’s testicle out of your own free will? Significant past events have also occurred motivated by money. In 1923 the event known infamously as the gold rush created turmoil in Australia. Australia’s population tripled in the next 9 years as people rushed from overseas to try their luck in increasing their wealth, motivated purely by their hopes of discovering of gold.

In the workplace today, we are also finding a similar trend occurring. Money is the reason behind the choice made by countless men and women today to farewell their love ones and colleagues to seek better paid job opportunities overseas. Engineers like Mitch Querickiol are being lured overseas by wages that allow them to enjoy the greater comforts in life, and jobs that provide them enough opportunities to advance in their fields. "I think in the end, it's money," says Arthur Young, president and CEO of PSi Technologies (Buenconsejo, 2001). There is no doubt that this case is just one of many. An article with the heading ‘Growing crisis for our hospitals as 5,500 a year join the brain drain in search of better pay’ (Browne, 2001) says it all. Not only are engineers making the move overseas, nurses are shifting their focus beyond their national borders to seek better wages. Motivated purely by the concept of higher salaries.

The motivating powers of money are also drawing the attentions of professional sport stars. Soccer and rugby players are a good example, where they grasp every opportunity to play for the ‘highest bidder’, which unfortunately sees a lot of great talent leaving the country. Have they forgone the opportunity to pridefully play for their own country just for the sake of more money? It appears so. In addition, it has also been noted that professional tennis players have refused to play at Wimbledon the ‘Mecca” of lawn tennis, because the rewards were not attractive (Accel-Team.com).

Workers and professional athletes are not the only ones crossing waters to seek better financial opportunities. Companies have also started to focus their efforts in a more globalised-context by becoming promising multinational companies. There is only one motive behind big multinational companies- to make billions. What motivates a multinational company to hire labour from poor countries? Obviously, the ability for greater profits. Seeing as people in poorer countries will work for less, multinational companies have realised the way to save big on wages and further increase their profits is to utilise this ‘cheap labour’. In this case, it is obvious to see that what motivates a company to move towards globalisation is money and only money.

There are a numerous amount of jobs out there today, some which most people are less than willing to perform. Yet there are so many people who are willing to perform these jobs every single day. A garbage collector who collects foul smelling trash daily stands by their work because they know they are getting paid enough for their efforts. This is the only reason why they choose to do what they do. You could say, to them “only money motivates” in this instance. These jobs have nothing to offer in terms of working conditions and other job benefits, all they have to offer is money.

This is one of the reasons we disagree with theorists like Fredrick Herzberg that dispel the idea that money does not motivate, “..so for Herzberg money was not a motivator” (Wood, Wallace, Zeffane, Schermerhorn, Hunt, Osborn 2001). Thomas A Stewart a writer for Business 2.0 magazines claims "Money is not a motivator -- is nonsense. Money motivates me to do lots of things, as it does you, and a lot of money would motivate me to do things that I wouldn't do for less. Money motivates.”

The reoccurring incidences of wages disputes and industrial strikes that have loomed society also prove why only money motivates. Qantas baggage handlers and freight workers were recently involved in a protracted dispute with the company about wages. More significant recently were the strikes of nearly 4000 Sydney bus drivers, which affected most of us in some way. This big fuss was caused all by one major issue- pay. Bus drivers of Sydney had called for a 27% increase in their base wage over three years. Claiming that their pay had fallen far behind other public sector jobs in recent years (Kerr, 2002).

Everywhere in the media we hear about unhappy workers calling upon pay rises. Never do you hear workers striking over other workplace related issues. It almost sounds silly for a group of staff if they were receiving high pay packets, to strike over their belief that they feel unappreciated in the workplace and because they feel their achievement have gone unrecognised by managers at work.

This subject matter then compels us to ask where non-monetary factors fit in all this? Our belief is that non-monetary factors such as working conditions, interpersonal relationships and organisational policies and procedures are not motivators but merely hygiene factors that only serve to keep people from being dissatisfied, so here we indeed agree with Herzberg’s theory of motivation. We believe the factors that provide job satisfaction only cause and strengthen organisational commitment, but not motivation or work performance. Many people these days would rather work overtime than call it a day if they knew they were in return receiving a bonus from their supervisor.

As mentioned before monetary rewards such as share options can also be regarded as money. Many companies grant share options to their employees to motivate them towards achieving the organisational goals of higher work productivity and performance. Last year, Vodafone granted share options to more than 42000 employees around the world. Each employee receiving an option to buy Vodafone shares with a face value equal to 50% of their annual salary (Vodafone, 2001). Proposed plans like these have been a success as a survey conducted in 1997 discovered that broad-based stock option companies had 31% more productivity than all public companies (NECO, 2002). Share schemes are improving productivity because employees are realising that the more profit the business makes the greater the dividend they receive. Thereby securely aligning the employee’s individual goals of making money with the organisational’s overall objective of profitability.

Money is also the only reason behind employees staying with a company. Offering bonuses have seen to help employee retention. Jim Moran of the Jim Moran Institute for Global Entrepreneurship maintains if you want to keep and retain employees you must:

1. pay employees higher than market rates; ‘employees stay happier and work harder if they are paid higher than the market rates.’
2. establish a signing or continuation bonus. One local entrepreneur offered a key receptionist a $5,000 bonus if she stayed three more years. If she left before the three years, then she was legally responsible for the prorated share of the bonus not earned. We believe that bonuses that tie employees to the company over a three to four year time period are excellent investments.
3. have an incentive system in place.

It is plain to see that more money will motivate an employee to stay with their firm and therefore insure the long-term viability of the business. Would having flexible hours and challenging work entice an employee to stay, if they are not receiving an appealing pay package? It is highly unlikely.

On a different note yet still on the context of the workplace, money has also motivated a minority group of individuals to the extreme point of corruption. Most recently, Sneza Suteski, an accounts clerk, was found guilty of murder for arranging the death of her boss. What was her motive? Money. Suteski devised an "elaborate and complex" scheme by changing bank numbers in the automatic payments system for invoices she got approval for, that would have seen $500,000 flow into the bank accounts of herself, her brother and her ex-boyfriend (McNamara, 2002). This case serves to prove the extreme motivational power of money in the workplace, even if it involved carrying out something horrendous like murder. Emphasising the point once again, that people are purely driven by money.

Embezzlement is another workplace related crime purely motivated by money. It involves the act of an employee stealing company funds from their employers. This month, Citizen Times has posted an article about a Candler woman who was charged with 20 counts of embezzlement and accused of stealing more than $250,000 from her employer over about four years (O'Brien, 2002). This is just one of many cases of embezzlement that is going on in workplaces today. Employees that carry out these unethical and dishonest acts are driven by the thought of getting their hands on one thing only- money.

Famous sayings like “money makes the world go around”, “money makes the mare go” and “show me the money” successfully serve as testaments to our argument but reflecting on the previous examples, money as we have defined it, is clearly the sole motivator in work and many other environments. In fact, it is such a powerful motivator that it enables people to consistently work under conditions that the majority wouldn’t wish to encounter for a day. On the other hand, if people don’t have enough, workers and unions are happy to disrupt the lives of the public to get more money and where this is not possible, many sporting and other individuals are happy to leave the country in search of it. In the unfortunate cases, money as the sole motivator in the workplace, ranges from exploitation of people for cheap labour in some countries, to more publicly-known crimes such as murder and embezzlement. Ultimately, there is no doubt in our minds that ‘only money motivates’.


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Montana 1948 Essay

Essay on Montana 1948

In Montana 1948 it explores the sense that David believed to have a positive role model in uncle Frank until he true colours were revealed and he realized later what a great role model he had in his father.

Watson it showed that David's rite of passage was based on Frank's negative impact on him and the awareness that there is evil in the world. The hardest thing that David had to go through was coming to terms with seeing his uncle in a different way; this was made known when David said "too frightening for me to continue thinking of my uncle in the way I always had." Watson shows that people eventually become cynical and disillusioned with the world when they discover that their role models are in fact corrupt and immoral. Confirmation to support this is when David reveals "did I wonder what might happen if I killed my uncle". David managed to see some good in people including his father.

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Watson demonstrates the life of David Hayden growing up, and realizing later what a great role model he had in his father. David saw his father as a weak man and he thought his perfect role model was Frank, which is seen as he said "not manly figure like uncle Frank". He felt let down in his father, as he didn't arrest anyone or carry a gun, "And that disappointed me at times". David saw Wes as a great role model later when he realized what a challenge it was choosing between being a brother, sheriff and an employer to Marie. David starts to see his father in a different way because of the difficult situation he was in, evidence of this is shown when he "could appreciate the situation his father was in" therefore gaining respect for him. Unlike Wes, Frank was a negative role model to David.

In Montana shows that David believed that Frank was the perfect "manly" role model until his true colours showed. This was since he believed he was athletic, a genuine war hero and loyal doctor. David thought "My father wasЕ.an impressive man".But Frank was all this and more."

He spends time with him and buys him expensive gifts. David believed "Alongside his brother my father seemed somewhat prosaic," and "Nothing glittered in my father's wake the way it did in Frank's." David saw a crumbling image of his uncle as he opened up to the empty space between truth and lies. This made Frank a negative example on as David's maturity and awareness began to grow he saw the flaws between the lines and the true colours of his uncle unlocked to reveal him as a deceiving, racist, disrespectful, self-centered murderer and fraud. David Frank had taken advantage of his profession and assaulting Indian girls and as David identified as a person "who murdered my beloved Marie." He began to realize that "Uncle Frank was gone for good". Frank was a complete opposite of truthful which is what his name means. David now knew that his perfect role model was not as perfect as he thought.

In conclusion David did have a positive role model in his father and not in his vile uncle. Although his uncle was a negative impact on him it made him see what a positive role model he had in his father, Wes.

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Cloning History Essay

Essay on Cloning History

When the personalities of two individuals seem impeccably compatible, people often say in jest that they are “made from the same mold.” With the recent scientific breakthroughs and the technology that make them possible, this abstract clichй is becoming more plausible. The fast growing pace of scientific discoveries, such as human cloning, forces our society to finally open its eyes and accept the new and astonishing possibilities. Human cloning not only advanced rapidly throughout the past couple of years but also has raised many controversies due to its benefits and also disadvantages.

Cloning is not an innovative idea; in fact, it is almost if not even older than agriculture- one of man’s earliest and most successful means of survival. Cloning has been going on in the natural world for thousands of years. For example, if or whenever a gardener takes a cutting from one plant and places it in a medium (such as water), it will grow again – this is a basic example of cloning. A clone is simply one organism made from another, resulting to two organisms with the same set of genes. (Block, par. 17)In that sense, identical twins are clones, because they have the same DNA. When earthworms are cut in half, they regenerate the missing parts of their bodies, leading to two worms with the same set of genes. The original purpose of cloning was simply to multiply an organism without waiting for nature to act on it first. Farmers were in favor of this because it helped them improve the medium or elements of the planets which make it stronger, thicker, more resistant to disease, and therefore better survivors in nature.

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What we now call genes were first described by an Austrian monk named Gregor Mendel. Genes are some of the smallest parts of each living organism, animal or plant. They are groups of chemicals contained in each of the billions of cells that make up our bodies. They break off into codes that determine our gender, height, eye color, etc. In short, they determine who we are. Mendel was interested in the differentiation between plants and flowers and how they came to be. He wanted to learn ways to change the color, size, rate of growth and even traits. Starting in 1865, Mendel began a series of experiments in which he crossbred different flowers by taking the pollen from one type and transferring it to another. This also happens in nature when, for example, a bee carries pollen from one type of flower to another. Mendel, in this case meticulously took data of every type of change that occurred when the crossbred plants reproduced (also called hybridizing of plants). He soon established the Law of Segregation, which basically states that during the formation of gametes, they each receive one member of a pair of homologous chromosomes. Mendel decided that the seeds of the new crossbred must contain a pair of each allele that determined a planet’s characteristics. He considered one of these alleles to be dominant, or stronger, and the other recessive, or weaker. The dominant will most likely determine the characteristics of a plant while the recessive allele would come back in later generations of the new plant. Mendel’s observations and theories played a huge role in later discoveries dealing with genes as well as modern scientific breakthroughs.

Another important figure in the history of cloning is Hans Dreisch. In the late 1800s, he performed series of experiments with sea urchins to discovery that, contrary to beliefs, genetic material is not lost during cell division. Dreisch believed sea urchins to be suitable for testing because they have relatively large embryo cells, and grow independently of their mothers. Dreisch took a two-celled embryo, placed it in sea water solution and watched it divide into two separate cells. Each then grew independently and indeed formed two separate whole sea urchins.
From there, no major discoveries in cloning were made until November of 1951 when a team of scientist cloned a frog embryo in Philadelphia. Unlike experiments before, this team did not just break off a cell from an embryo; they instead took the nucleus out of a frog embryo cell and used it to replace the nucleus of an unfertilized frog egg cell. Once the egg cell detected that it had a full set of chromosomes, it began to divide and grow. (Block, par.13)This was the first time that this process, called nuclear transplant, was ever used, and it continues to be used today, although the method has changed slightly.

Finally, a breakthrough came in 1986. A mammal was cloned by two independent teams using the same method. In England, a team led by Steen Willadsen cloned a sheep's embryo while Neal First, who led the team in America cloned a cow’s embryo. This was a huge step forward in scientific accomplishments because many advances of different types were made during these experiments, including usage and invention of innovative technology, and discovery that tissue could be kept alive in lab conditions.

In the most recent case regarding cloning, a lamb was born under the meticulous care and studies of Ian Wilmut at the Roslin Institute in Scotland on July 5th, 1996, Wilmut, who names his animals very creatively, named her Dolly after Dolly Parton. Experiments involving human beings were never even considered until recent technology and advanced scientific methods that allowed the creation of Dolly. The scientific community was shocked by her birth and continued to investigate further on the topic of human clones. The new technique used in cloning Dolly the sheep was called nuclear transfer. Her DNA came from a single cell taken from her mother’s egg, which is fused with the mammary cell. After the fused cell develops into am embryo, it is then implanted in a substitute sheep. This embryo then grows into a lamb that obtains the same genes as its donor sheep. The process seems clear and concise but its procedure took a long time to perfect. Dolly was finally created as a healthy lamb after more than 277 attempts. (Block, par.35) That is a part of the reason cloning has become controversial-- scientists fear that applying this technique to humans may lead to malformations or diseases in the human clone. Moreover, human cloning is even more complicated, with greater risks, permanent damage, and potentials for error.


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Essay on FDR

FDR Essay

During the early 1930s and into the 1940s, America was in great turmoil. The country was suffering from the Great Depression, and to add to it, the nation was on the brink of war. The economy had crashed and was completely left in shambles, and the people were living in conditions that the can be considered incomprehensible to the human mind. Poverty had struck the far reaches of American society, but the largest groups affected were the farmers and those that didn’t have their hands in the big business. This desperate time in American history called for a strong leader to guide the country out of its impoverished state, but was unable to produce in Herbert Hoover. It was not until Franklin Delano Roosevelt came to power that the country began to turn itself around. FDR was the strong leader that America needed because he was able to completely change the long held American principles in order to help America come out of its Great Depression. His first 100 days in office consisted of only making changes to the existing American life to change it, and turn things around. He worked with the farmers and the low prices that they were facing when trying to sell their products, and the overwhelming unemployed population.

FDR continued to set up new programs that would open up jobs for those is dire need of them. FDR had become one of the largest American figures for the way that he attempted to make the common man the largest priority of the government. However, despite all of the things that FDR did for the country to pull it out of the Great Depression, he did receive criticism. Because FDR had become such a large icon, many people began to draw political cartoons having to do with FDR and his actions. Many of them depict how FDR was kind hearted and how he tried to save the “American” man and the country as a whole. However, there are some that show him to be a dictator due to all the power he had accumulated while being in office, and there are some that criticize his efforts because he went beyond the realm of the U.S. Constitution do accomplish what he did. The thoughts on FDR and his programs were mixed, and depended on what the issue pertained to, as shown by the cartoons on him.

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The cartoons about the first 100 days that FDR was in office show how affective he was during that time period. They show how they people were sympathetic to the President and his programs concerning economic issues because they depict FDR doing away with all that was a problem in American society. In this particular cartoon, FDR is the lumberjack that has cut down all of the large corporations, and the large bureaus, and the banking crisis trees to ease the economic tensions that the country was facing. The cartoonist is showing how FDR dealt with the immediate economic problems when FDR assumed the office of the President. This cartoon serves the purpose of showing that FDR took immediate action to ease the economic tensions of the people, and how the people sympathize with him for doing so. This cartoon is sympathetic towards FDR and his New Deal because it gives us a perspective of FDR that shows him to be a great leader, and can possibly find a solution to our country’s problmes by eliminating the existing problems of bank failures, large corporations, and merging bureaus, and a man that led our country to the “port of prosperity” . The cartoonist is able to illustrate for the reader that these types of changes and reforms were supported by the people, and thus allowed FDR to continue to further reform America.

Some of the programs that Roosevelt created that were widely supported were those that dealt with the recovery and reinstallation of confidence in the American financial system. Roosevelt’s first task in office was to restore confidence in the people, and fix the financial problems, so he started by declaring a national bank holiday and pushed trough the Emergency Banking Act. In addition to this, he took the nation off of the gold standard that it was on, and passed numerous acts dealing with the Federal Reserve and the stock exchanges to prevent a future crash in the economy . This cartoon portrays how Roosevelt came into office with an agenda, and creates a sense of reliability in the new American President because he has some focus on the issue at hand, and has solutions. As soon as FDR came to office, he jumped on top of the problem immediately, as shown by some of the cartoons. They depict FDR running with bills to reform the banking system, in order to show the urgency that Roosevelt dealt with the problems . These actions were widely supported by the people because of the popular anger at the banking system and the economy as a whole .This explains why the people and congress allowed FDR to make so many drastic changes in such a short amount of time.

One of the most prevailing issues of Roosevelt’s that was supported greatly by the people was the farm relief issue. During the late 1920s and continuing on to the 1930s, the price of agricultural products dropped significantly because farmers were simply not able to sell enough crop. They could barely pay for their own food, which means that they had no way to pay for mortgage and other costs. In addition to this, the U.S. farming region had suffered a major drought and many dust storms that would make growing anything a near impossibility. This ecological disaster left the American farming population severely impoverished. In order to fix this problem FDR began to implement agricultural reforms to provide relief to the farmers. To restore stability to the agricultural sector, FDR developed one major program, the Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA). As shown by this cartoon, the AAA was designed to restore the agricultural sector by having the government by some of the extra grain produced by the farmers since that was a major cause to low crop prices. This would lead to the restoration of parity between farm products and industrial products, allowing the farmers to make some more money off of their crops. In addition to this program, FDR established farm credit unions to ensure that farmers would not be put in severe debt, or would not be severely broke. This would allow them to continue to stay in business and grow more crop and food for the country, and thus establish a sturdy foundation for the agricultural sector for America. FDR got a lot of sympathy for this program because the farmer was constantly overlooked in the past. Finally, a President addressed the farmer’s quarries and problems .

Another aspect that the cartoons of FDR and his programs focus on is the unemployment situation. At this time, America was suffering from the worst unemployment that it had ever experienced. This was a major concern among the people, which made it a great concern for Roosevelt. This caused Roosevelt to implement programs such as the National Recovery Act (NRA) and the Civil Works Administration (CWA) to help the searching workers find jobs. These programs led to many unemployed workers getting new jobs, and receiving some form of income. Roosevelt did not stop with just these programs, as the cartoon shows the reader . He continued to develop new ways to help the unemployed population with new emergency work relief programs. This was another issue that the people and the cartoons appeared to be sympathetic towards the President, his actions, and his programs. The people were in great need for jobs, and FDR made that available to them, and hence he was praised by the people for doing so. His actions towards not only the unemployed, but also the farmers and the American population as a whole caused his relation to the American people to be strong.

FDR was adored by a good majority of the people because of the actions he took to help those very people, and the things he did to help the whole country out of the depression. His relation with the people was shown right when he came to office. He was able to instill this new sense of confidence in the government and in the economy. He was attempting to make people believe in their system, and by doing this he was able to make the people have faith in him and his actions . Roosevelt attempted to make himself closer to the people by doing things like his “fire-side” radio chats. This would allow the people to know exactly what he planned to do to help the nation out, and this allowed the people to trust him. By speaking to the public directly, FDR was able to not only gain their trust, but also gain their permission to continue to reform the government and the economy. In addition to the direct communication with the public, FDR was able to strengthen his link with the average American by pushing for the repealing of the 18th Amendment, which called for prohibition. FDR realized that people had this necessity for alcohol to numb their sorrows away. People wanted to have beer because it helped them escape from the actual reality of the depression. This urge among the people caused FDR to push for a new amendment, which would repeal the 18th Amendment. This caused the people to fortify their support for and relation with FDR because it showed a genuine caring for the American citizen . All of this trust and confidence that FDR instilled in the American people led to people seeing him as a hero in a sense. To the people, FDR had become the man that saved the United States from complete ruin. His actions arguably may have saved America from Communism or Socialism because of the previous failure in capitalism. His policies and programs helped him develop an image of an American hero, while people like Herbert Hoover were forgotten about because of their failure to accomplish anything in a time that required a leader . The fact that FDR was able to give the people what they wanted and needed allowed him to receive the approval of a good majority of people . He had developed a relationship with the American people as the President who really represented the public.

Despite all of the praise and approval that FDR had received, there were many critiques to his actions. Many people argue that the first 100 days of Roosevelt’s office were unconstitutional because he assumed power out of the realm of the United States Constitution . He had the authority to pass anything he wanted in that time period because he asked Congress to give it to him. This allowed him to quickly start all the programs that he felt were necessary for recovery. Granted that these programs did help the recovery of the country, many people argue that it was unconstitutional, and for that reason FDR is criticized. Many critics began to call Roosevelt a dictator because of all the power that he assumed over congress. He no longer needed to go through the time enduring process of getting a bill or act passed by the majority of Congress, but rather just had to tell them that he was doing it, and it would get passed . In that sense, Roosevelt had the power to do anything he wanted because the legislative body was not going to stop him since he had so much success in leading America to recovery. The dictatorial power that Congress, in essence, handed FDR also caused FDR to receive criticism about how the New Deal was extremely radical. People began to question his reforms and the extent to which the reforms changed American society.

In this cartoon, the cartoonist shows the farmer alongside Roosevelt in the train roller to show how FDR greatly supported the farmers and their cause. However, in the cartoonist portrays FDR to be a radical since he is taking the Farm Relief Bill too far. The cartoon describes how the new bill alienates the business man, and completely rids away with the traditional government position of laissez faire. The cartoonist questions Roosevelt’s actions because he is using his “Presidential” power to destroy the old, “traditional American principles.” Prior to this point in American history, the government only served to make and enforce the laws, and to prevent chaos. Additionally, the government always had this principle of “business is business,” as said by President Coolidge. However, with the arrival of FDR into office and his new programs, the government had its hands in almost every sector of the economy, with things like the TVA. The fact that Roosevelt pushed his programs like the TVA and the Farm Relief Bill caused people to criticize him and his New Deal. Roosevelt’s response to all the criticism also caused more critics to rise and speak out. Roosevelt ignored the critics, and kind of brushed them off to the side because he was doing something for the greater good . On top of ignoring the critics, Roosevelt did not consult his cabinet and his administration for some of his programs, as seen in some of the critical cartoons of him. Roosevelt felt that the severity of the Great Depression was large, and that immediate action needed to be taken, thus causing him to ignore a great deal of outside voices.

All of these criticisms from the cartoonists caused FDR and his New Deal to be extremely controversial. People began to question capitalism because of its failure, and the fact that the savior of capitalism in a way was a dictatorship. The controversy over the amount of power FDR was given vs. the amount of power he should have had been given by the Constitution was the major controversial issue. FDR not only had executive power, but also was given legislative power by Congress itself, which stirred up controversy . No time in America’s history had the country seen a period where a President had so much power over the nation. This was something of concern to people which is why the Amendment to limit the number of terms one President can serve was ratified. This caused people to also question the validity of FDR’s actions since some feel that the New Deal was a radical movement in American history, and that it completely changed the American lifestyle.

American life was changed drastically by the New Deal as a whole. The government had its hands in virtually every sector of American industry, agriculture, and the economy. It was given new powers in order to ensure the success of capitalism and that the country never experiences such hardships ever again. It also gave people more faith in their government, in fact, a little too much faith. People began to assume that the national government would take care of everything like it did during the Great Depression, and that they could sit back and relax while the government did so . In a sense, the extended involvement of the government in American life caused apathy and ignorance. People didn’t care what was happening anymore, but rather assumed that the government would take care of it, for example, inflation problems. It seemed as if FDR’s programs did its job too well because of the newfound apathy. In addition to the new sense of security and confidence that people have now, the New Deal has changed American life in that some of the very programs that were intended to only serve during the Great Depression are around to this very day. Things like Social Security and welfare are still around to help those that are in need of it due to unemployment or disability. Whether or not FDR and his New Deal were positive or negative, clearly it has changed American life and society.

The period of the Great Depression is one that will last forever in American history. That time period challenged the very foundation of America and through the actions of one man was America able to get though the troubling period. Franklin Delano Roosevelt and his New Deal programs may have very well changed the whole American system, and has enjoyed great support for doing so because he can be seen as the savior of capitalism. However, he can also be seen as one of the most radical leaders that this country has ever seen, and maybe even as far as a dictator due to the drastic changes that he made to the country. He will forever be an integral part of American history.

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