Essay on Technology and Nature

Technology vs Nature Essay

Humans have never lead lives purely connected to nature. We have always integrated forms of technology into our daily routines to either aid in tasks or provide alternative recreational activities. Though we choose to take paths to break away from our bonds with technology, humans will never be able to sustain the advancement of the society without interacting with technology. Carolyn Guyer states that "the simple thing to realize is that there is a balance between technology and nature," (163) but with the constant advancement and expansion of the cyber world, it is easy to lose sight of this balance and fall into a disequilibrium, and lose our connection with nature.

Since the introduction of science fiction to the genres of the American film industry, Hollywood has pumped numerous pictures prognosticating the future. In July 2002, Steven Spielberg presented another view of the future, the eerily realistic future of Minority Report. In the year 2054, the District of Columbia still resembles the Washington DC of today, but with a closer look one can find many additions to the city that present a convincing simulacra of the future of our technologically advancing world. Instead of taking an afternoon stroll through the catwalks and overpasses of DC, we are immediately presented with a forecast: the real-time flash images of case 1108, a double homicide. Instead of easing to the main technological focus of Minority Report, Spielberg throws viewers directly into the advanced system of Pre-Crime. An advanced technological system we are to unquestionably believe, foretells murders through the precognitive minds of three humans so unfortunate to have the "gift" of seeing these murders in their minds. Through high-tech design and application, images the Precogs see are formatted into a state of the art floating screen from which John Anderton (Tom Cruise) uncovers the exact whereabouts of the murder in order to reach the destination in time to hinder the future murder.

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Even without the lifeless, inanimate visual analogy to technology, the system integrating human Precogs displays an ultimate loss of human connection with nature. Lifelessly drifting in a flotation tank, cut off from civilization and only able to focus on one thing, murder, these aberrant humans not only portray the "loss of connection with nature," but the "conversion of the real world to technology itself." (Slouka 149) John himself presents an easier way of dealing with the existence of Precogs by stating that "it's easier if you don't think of them as human." Spielberg presents a very common value of our zeitgeist centered on the degradation of human connection with nature. Well-known technologist, Jaron Lanier, observes through viewing Minority Report, that humans urge unconnected activity in synch with technological participation. Today we even air commercials encouraging our children and even other ages of humans to stay active not just for the obvious reason of staying healthy, but to also interact with nature; if not through direct nature activities, then at least through continuing existence in the natural, unwired world (3).

Though the creation of the Precogs was a horrendous accident through parental addiction of impure heroine, a new drug released years before 2054, the concept of being totally void of anything but technology alerts us to the additional "loss of connection with our inner terrain, disconnection from feeling." (150) The assimilation of humans into technology, as shown in Minority Report results in not just a loss of connection with the outside world and nature, but also a loss of self. While in the tank under supervision, the Precogs do not feel pain, suffering, anger, and passion. They are void of the most definite human characteristic: emotion. Without emotion we are merely automatons existing only to continue our existence; not existing to feel and be the nature we are.

In this day and age it is apparent that many humans lose some connection with their selves as they approach a steep imbalance between technology and nature in their lives. However, just like all imbalances, it can be steadied. As Minority Report continues, one of the Precogs, Agatha (Samantha Morton), becomes part of John's future after he steals her from the Pre-Crime headquarters. To the rest of Pre-Crime she was stolen, but to John, she was set free. His "theft" signified the release of mental and physical shackles on her mind and body, allowing her to see the world as "now" and not "will be." Near the climax of the film, she experiences a full blow of emotions at John's house in the room of his kidnapped son. "Only through experience will we find" a balance between technology and nature (161). Agatha tells John and his ex-wife the future of their son had he not been kidnapped when he was nine and discovers her own balance in such a warm moment of love. Minority Report continues the sense of balance all the way through the conclusion, indicating that the "only way to find and keep the balance is to keep moving." (161) Like Agatha and the other Precogs who found their balance only after extreme experiences, humanity needs to experiment the boundaries of it's own balance by passing into uncharted territory. Only by moving with the development of technology will we be able to find a balance.

Loss of connection with nature indirectly surfaces with the expansion of advertisements in Minority Report. Even today we see and hear advertisements that know our names and ask us unnecessary questions (134). Minority Report a simulacra of advertising through holographic screens in malls that identify every person and address them by name. For instance, in a Gap store a woman is asked whether she liked the pack of skimpy lingerie she bought last time and starts recommending other similar products available. Online stores already have the ability to identify a person and suggest products based on past purchases. Movie critic Jack Aaronson mentions that humans would prefer to keep something this personal on the down-low, maybe personally with an actual employee, but certainly not announced throughout the entire store (2). Minority Report reflects the current zeitgeist we have on advertisements and other forms of marketing by providing digitized humans who have replaced the flesh and blood of employees. With the advancement of technology comes the ever increasing annoyance and intrusion on personal life. The intrusion of marketing in Minority Report creeps its way into the homes of people who purchase cereal through the continuously animated character annoyingly dancing around on the box surface asking how the cereal tastes, but is cleverly denied by John's furious throwing of the box that finally "kills" the advertising. Not only do we lose respect of personal space but we also lose our tempers and increased desire to rid ourselves of such menaces. However, with the proper values and limits set for marketing, such technology could prove to be fruitful additions to the entertaining side of advertising.

Visual technology does not stop with the appearances of interactive advertisements. Through advanced cameras and projectors, John is able to record and play videos of his past, before his son was kidnapped and his wife left. Through this technology John comes to see more of himself just as someone today would pop in a video of their great times in Colorado. Complex headgear and recording technology also allow John to see whatever the Precogs see, allowing him to not only see his own future killing of man he does not know, but also to replay that murder. Like any human he is "obsessively rewinding and playing again the disembodied images offered to us," (151) hoping to find some reconciliation. John's vengeance for his son's kidnapper clouded his judgment of the system he blindly believed in. Through his begrudging experience, John not only realizes the human flaw of the system - the fact that images can be fabricated and planted - but also finds his own self through the blurry reflections of a fabricated future. Through visual recordings and representations we can all locate ourselves in the physical realm and ground ourselves more towards a balance with nature.

Some people may argue that there is no balance between technology and nature. If this was the case then the only path for humanity would be to drive ourselves to a completely technological world due to the unyielding halt advancements in technology. "Nature is what we are, and so cannot be opposed to, or separate from, humans and their technologies, even when we push our inventions to the point of self-destruction," (163) says Carolyn Guyer. Technology obviously needs nature, humans, to exist. Humans also need technology to keep up in a world that will never hold back and allow us to find compensation. The world of humans and the world of technology are codependent. They are made of each other, and there is no reason why they should not be together.

Such films as Minority Report goad us to reassess the balance of technology and nature in our lives. Recognizing ourselves and finding our soul in the alien world of technology is the only hope for the safeguarding of our connection with nature. Finding the balance and holding onto it is half the job, but continuing to move on and shifting this balance is what will ensure the continuation of our existence in both worlds. By guaranteeing our connection with nature through a balance, we need not concern ourselves with the asphyxiation of a solely technological life.

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Essay on Joe Louis

In 1926, Louis' family joined the African-American migration from the rural South to the urban North. They settled in Detroit and that was where he grew up. As a teenager he worked odd jobs and began boxing with neighborhood kids. Louis used the 50 cents a week his mother gave him for violin lessons to rent a locker at the Brewster Recreation Center, where he began a successful amateur boxing career.

John Roxborough, the illegal numbers betting king in Detroit's black ghetto, decided to sponsor Louis's professional career. He enlisted the help of Julian Black, a Chicago speakeasy owner and numbers operator, and they moved Louis to Chicago to train with Jack Blackburn, a former lightweight boxer and skilled trainer who had already taken two white fighters to world championships in lower weight divisions. Blackburn patiently taught Louis a fundamental style of boxing that emphasized balanced but unspectacular footwork, a strong left jab, counterpunching, and throwing combination punches in rapid sequence. Until his death in 1942, Blackburn ensured that Louis ran six miles a day, sparred with discipline, and maintained his physical superiority and confidence against all challengers.

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By March 1935, Louis had won 18 professional fights and was bumping up against the barrier of segregation. Denied economic opportunity and political power, African Americans were invisible in America's emerging media age. With the exception of occasional tokens in track and field and college football, blacks had no opportunities to participate in major sports. In boxing, Louis had to live down the legacy of Jack Johnson, the first black heavyweight champion, who had caused race riots by humiliating former champion Jim Jeffries and national outrage by marrying white women. After Johnson lost his title in 1915, white promoters and fighters denied black contenders the opportunity to fight for the heavyweight title.

Mike Jacobs, a Jewish immigrant, helped Louis permanently trample the color line. Jacobs needed a heavyweight contender to break the Madison Square Garden Corporation's monopoly on big-time boxing and promised Louis that he would not have to throw fights to white opponents and would eventually get a chance at the title. Jacobs promoted five Louis tune-up fights then brought Louis to New York City for a fight against former heavyweight champ Primo Carnera in June 1935. Jacobs skillfully played on Louis' role as an ambassador for his race in the buildup to the Carnera fight, and when Louis destroyed his opponent in six rounds, he became a media sensation.

On September 24, 1935, Louis married Marva Trotter in a brief private ceremony at a Harlem apartment and then drove to Yankee Stadium to fight Max Baer before a crowd of 80,000 people. Although Baer was regarded as the best white fighter in the world, Louis knocked him out in the fourth round. Louis suddenly was one of the most famous men in the world. The way white sportswriters wrote about Louis reveals how novel it was for a black to reach a position of prominence. Most journalists of the day constantly mentioned Louis's race and gave him nicknames, such as the Brown Bomber, the Dark Destroyer, and the Tan Tornado.

Due to the fact that Louis was the only black in the white world of fame and fortune, he became the symbol of his race to blacks and whites alike. For African Americans, Louis was the greatest of their heroes. Every time he stepped into the ring against a white opponent, Louis refuted theories of white superiority. After every Louis victory, blacks in urban ghettos across the United States filled the streets to cheer their hero. Louis lost his reputation for invincibility on June 11, 1936, when he suffered his first professional loss to Max Schmeling of Germany. Mike Jacobs outmaneuvered Schmeling and the Madison Square Garden Corporation by offering the heavyweight champion, James J. Braddock, a share of future promotional income from Louis' fights. Braddock agreed to defend his title against Louis instead of Schmeling. On June 22, 1937, in Chicago's Comiskey Park, Louis knocked out the courageous but overmatched Braddock in eight rounds. Despite this victory, sports fans would have doubts about Louis's abilities until his rematch with Schmeling, the only man who had beaten him. Jacobs scheduled their rematch for June 22, 1938 in Yankee Stadium. The fight that would define Louis' career was also one of the most symbolic sporting events in history.

Whites accepted Joe Louis as the representative of American values fighting against a symbol of Nazi racism. Upset with himself for losing to Schmeling in their first fight, angry that many people still believed that Schmeling was his boxing equal, determined to win a symbolic victory and personal vindication, Louis decided on a strategy that fit his mood. He planned to attack without letup, not allowing Schmeling to set himself long enough to counterpunch with a right over Louis' jab, as Schmeling had done so successfully in their first fight. In the first round, Louis immediately drove Schmeling against the ropes with a sequence of combination punches and then landed an overhand right that had Schmeling out on his feet. Schmeling instinctively turned to avoid Louis, and as he turned Louis broke two of Schmeling's vertebrae with a roundhouse right to Schmeling's side. Louis knocked Schmeling down three times in rapid succession, and Schmeling's trainer, Max Machon, threw in the towel and rushed into the ring to protect his fighter. Referee Arthur Donovan called the fight at two minutes and four seconds into the first round, with Schmeling on his knees. More than 70,000 fans at Yankee Stadium and a huge international press contingent had witnessed a dominating athletic performance from a once-in-a-generation talent.

From January 1939 until the United States entered World War II, Louis defended his title 15 times, fighting so often and so well that his overmatched opponents in early 1941 were called the "Bums of the Month." The only significant risk to Louis' title came on June 18, 1941, against light-heavyweight champion Billy Conn. Weighing 170 pounds to Louis' 200, Conn used his lightning-quick hands to build a solid lead on points against Louis going into the 13th round. But Conn went for a knockout, continuing to trade punches until Louis interrupted a Conn combination with an overhand right that was solid enough to slow Conn. A two-minute volley of punches finished Conn with two seconds left in the round.

In early 1942, just after the United States entered World War II, Joe Louis enlisted in the U.S. Army. He went on morale-boosting tours for the army throughout the war, fighting exhibitions in the United States, Alaska, and Europe, and quietly broke racial barriers in the segregated armed services wherever he went. After the war, the treatment of Louis by the white press changed. The alliterative nicknames disappeared, save the standard Brown Bomber and Dark Destroyer. White journalists now rarely identified him as a Negro and stereotyped references declined. Important newspapers praised Louis in editorials, and the praise had a more sincere and less condescending ring. Louis left the army in 1945 as a beloved patriot but a bankrupt one. He had always been generous and free spending to a fault. During the war he borrowed heavily from Mike Jacobs and John Roxborough, and he had a large deferred tax bill. After the war, income tax rates on the top brackets rose as high as 90 percent as the U.S. government tried to pay off the huge debt accumulated during the war.

On June 19, 1946, Louis knocked out Billy Conn in eight rounds in a much-anticipated rematch between two over-the-hill fighters. Louis' purse of $600,000 from the Conn rematch was a fantastic sum for those days but it was an illusion. Mike Jacobs arranged to have Louis first pay off his personal debts, leaving Louis with an even larger unpaid tax liability. With upper tax brackets so high, Louis was running in quicksand, sinking under a tax bill that was above $1 million by the mid-1950s (it was never repaid).

Louis defended his title twice against Jersey Joe Walcott before retiring for the first time in 1949. Financial problems forced him back into the ring against new champion Ezzard Charles on September 27, 1950; Charles won a 15-round decision. After a series of wins over lesser lights, Louis fought for the last time against future champion Rocky Marciano on October 26, 1951. Louis outpointed Marciano until the eighth round, when he ran out of gas and was knocked out.

Louis finished his career with 68 wins, 54 by knockout, and three losses.
Of the 43 men Louis fought before World War II, only one was black. The two heavyweight champions who followed him, Walcott and Charles, were black and were readily accepted by Americans as a result of Louis' well-crafted public image. Black athletes following his example had integrated the National Football League in 1945, Major League Baseball in 1947, and the National Basketball Association in 1949. Louis opened sports to blacks and helped to make athletics a cutting edge of the civil rights movement.

Louis's first wife, Marva, with whom he had two children, divorced him in 1945, remarried him in 1946, and divorced him again in 1949. During the 1950s Louis lived a nomadic existence, making money from personal appearances and a brief stint as a professional wrestler. He was married to Rose Morgan, a successful beauty shop operator, from 1955 to 1958. In 1959, he married Martha Malone Jefferson, a successful black attorney, and moved into her home in Los Angeles. Martha cared for him through bouts of paranoia and drug abuse. After an involuntary commitment in a Colorado mental hospital in 1970, Caesars Palace in Las Vegas offered Louis a house and employment as a greeter in its casino. Louis lived there until his death from a massive heart attack on April 12, 1981. Jesse Jackson, who would later be the first African American to run for the presidency of the United States, told 3,000 assembled mourners that with "fist and character," Louis had "snatched down the cotton curtain."

Louis had followed a strategy of not speaking out against America's unrelenting racism in the 1930s in order to win white acceptance. In part because of the success of that strategy, white America became more aware of its own racism. In time, many African Americans became famous in sports, politics, and the arts, and the white media slowly came to accept black celebrities who spoke out against racism and refused to conform to stereotypes. A growing black militancy and rising white consciousness fed each other. In such a context, Joe Louis's image as inoffensive and popular with whites seemed dated and less worthy of respect.

Louis not only had to establish himself as a dominant athlete, but he also had to prove that blacks could compete on equal terms with dignity and without exacerbating racial tensions. Louis accepted that responsibility and performed so well that he became a challenge to segregation.

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Essay on Haste Makes Waste

I have always been an overanxious person, and I used to finish everything hurriedly-until I made a serious mistake in my workplace. Now I am a lot more careful and patient about what I do.

I worked in a Japanese bank in China before I came to America, and my job was dealing with the customers' documents such as contracts. The incident happened at one Friday afternoon five years ago. I did everything very fast like I did every day; moreover, I had an appointment with my friends after work, so I wanted to leave office on time. When I finished all of the work and thought about the appointment, my department manager gave me a contract draft and asked me to type it. He said something to me, but I didn't pay attention to that since I wanted to begin the work at once. I glanced at my watch to know that was 5:10 and I thought that if I did quickly, I could meet my friends in time. I was too hurried to notice anything on the contract. I finished five-page work just in 20 minutes and I was so proud of my incredible typing speed. Next Monday, when I entered the office, the manager let me go to his office in anger which made me realized that something was wrong. In his office, he threw the contract which I typed last day on the table and yelled at me, “the bank's reputation is destroyed by you”, then he showed the original copy which had a post-it on it.

After reading the notes which said “approved by general manager, type it after his revision”, I knew that I didn't follow the direction to make the general manager correct the contract before I typed it. More seriously, he emphasized the notes to me last day, I didn't notice that yet. My manager told me that they had to delay the meeting with the customer because of my fault. I got some serious punishment for it and I also felt ashamed for myself.

Even though I want to achieve my desired goal as fast as I can, I have to admit that haste makes waste. I learned from my disaster that once we do something in a hurry, we may not see the result as we have expected. In other words, we should advance in order and keep patient if we want to get the goal on time.

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Essay on "Illusions"

Essay on Illusions by Richard Bach

Illusions by Richard Bach is about one mans journey on the path to becoming more connected with all that he can do. It focuses on two main characters Richard (the writer) and Donald Shimoda. The main point in the story is that everything in life, even life it self is an illusion so people can do amazing things if they put their minds to it. The most important point made in the bock is from when Donald says, “Ok, I'm the son of God, so are we all; I'm the savior, but so are you.”

The story begins with Richard flying a bi-plane somewhere near Ferris, Illinois. Well that's not the very beginning. In the very beginning there is a piece on a person who became a savior. The story begins that there once was a savior from the Holy Land of Indiana. The basic plot of this part of the story is that a man chooses to be a messiah and then tells the God one-day that he would no longer like to be and quits.

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We then open up with Richard flying his air plane over a field in Ferris, Illinois and spot another plane. Curious about what another plane was doing all the way out here he decides to enquire and lands his plane next to it. The owner of the plane is leaning near the back wheel of the plane.

What Richard notices, as weird about the plane is that it looks brand-new, no oil spots, and no bugs at all. He says it looks as if it had just appeared at that moment. The story goes on to explain that the owner of the other plane is Donald Shimoda. It is revealed in a dream that Donald is the messiah that quit that is spoken of in the beginning of the book. From there Donald does some pretty amazing things and Richard cannot understand why or how.

The first miracle he did was getting a little girl who was deafly afraid of heights to go for a ride in his airplane; they were selling airplane rides. The amazing part that kind of typed me off to the fact that Donald was no ordinary man was that he got the girl to fly by explaining to her that in another life she died from an incident involving heights and that's why she was afraid then.

He also never needed to put gas in his tank, clean his plane or tighten any loose bolt, as Richard described it these things seem to have taken care of themselves. Throughout the story, like I said be fore he does some pretty miraculous things like for instance he walked on water and swam in land. Richard was also able to do this but not until he had seen Donald do it first. I think this is another important key or idea in the book. We can only do things that we believe and we only believe things that we have either seen or that has been proven true. And until we see that, for instance someone can walk through a wall or indisputable evidence is given saying that a man can fly we will not be able to do it. In Richard's case however he has someone doing these thing right in front of him or her and with second guessing them and just believing he was able to do them also. This can be put in retrospect with the time Donald walks though a wall and Donald attempts to but before he does he says that walking through walls is impossible and because of this he is unable to.

Donald also had a unique way of explaining himself. For instance with the walking through the wall thing he agreed that it is in fact impossible to walk through walls but everything is an illusion. Richard was not able to put it together at the time but I did. If you can believe without the shadow of a doubt that everything is an illusion then a wall is not a wall and a desk is not a desk and a tree is not a tree. But all these things and all others are illusions or projections with no mass or matter to them and if this is true then passing through them is the same as walking through air, you just do it.

In another spot in the story Donald makes that statement that we do only what we want in life and Richard tried to correct him by saying we do whatever we want to do in life as long as it doesn't hurt anyone else. Donald convinced him other wise by creating a “Vompire” that asked Richard for a little blood so that it could live. Of course Richard declined proving Donald's point that we do whatever we want, regardless of whether someone else will be hurt or not.

He does many other things that he is able to explain throughout the rest of the story. In the end of the story Donald is shot by a man with a shot gun in his plane. Richard not knowing what else to do begins to run away but thinks about it and turns around. In talking to Donald before he “dies” he asks him if this had to happen and Donald replied that it didn't but he likes the drama of it and dies. He then visits Richard in a dream that is in some ways real. He explains the Richard that he has not died that was just his way of exiting one diminsion permenatly and opting to leave in another exclusively.

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Essay on History of Football

Blood, sweat, and tears are what football is all about. A player is giving his all on the field for the team. Football is a sport, where teamwork is most important. Everyone must be in synch in order to make a play work. On the field, color of a man's skin does not matter. Everyone is family for sixty minutes of controlled chaos. The position that a player occupies is from his skill level to perform the duties that position requires. Even though, this sport is based on having the best player at a position that he perform at a competitive level regardless of race, it has not always been that way. From the past and up to the present, there have been stereotypes on what qualifies a certain individual to play a certain position. Because of race, some athletes have been made to play positions that they did not want to pursue. Many African-American athletes that came into the NFL, from the past to the present, where stereotyped to play many of the non-thinking positions: wide receiver, running back, and defensive back to name a few. Many people perceived, that an African-American athlete was not able to handle the thinking aspects of some of the glamour positions: quarterback and linebacker. People felt these positions were to complex for the African-American athlete grasp. Statements such as, "They are too stupid to handle that position." or " Blacks lack the intelligence of their white counterparts to perform at that position." Were the justifications on why the African-American athlete was not considered to lead a team in one of the so-called glamour positions. Because of this ideology, many African-American quarterbacks were converted into running backs, wide receivers, or defensive backs. On a few occasions, some Black athletes were able to play in a game or start some games, but none were given an opportunity to truly lead a team for a season. Now in the present, more African-Americans are being given the chance to prove themselves on the field; these athletes include: Steve Mcnair, Kordell Stewart, Dante Culpepper, Ray Lucas, Michaels Vick, Aaron Brooks, and Donovan McNabb just to name a few. Many of these athletes must give thanks to the people from past eras, which made it possible for their dreams to finally become a reality.

For, this situation was no only regulated in the sports field, it was all over society. The thinking of many in the White School of History felt from a societal point of view that African-Americans were never as smart as the so-called glorified white race. The struggle for the African-American athlete was not only limited to the playing field, it was all over society. Their fight for an opportunity was helped by the voices of the New Negro, W.E.B Dubois, Marcus Garvey, Martin L. King, and Malcolm X. Also, the struggle was given help by the integration of baseball by Jackie Robinson, Larry Doby, Roy Campenella, and Don Newcomb. The history of the African-American quarterback not only resides on the football field, it is within the struggles of African-American society as a whole.

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My paper will take a look at the history of the African-American quarterback from the Black History School Theory. These thoughts will convey the struggle that many of the pioneers had to endure in order to conquer the racist views of white society. Even though there have been steps taken in order to get an opportunity, the struggle still continues. Still, there are some that feel many African-American quarterbacks are not smart enough or gifted enough to play the position. This behavior can be seen presently at the University of Florida. A white quarterback, by the name of Rex Grossman, guides the Florida Gators football team, and his primary receiver is Jabbar Gaffney. Now, Jabbar Gaffney, who is African-American, was recruited out of high school as a quarterback and was told he would possibly lead the highflying Gator offense. Yes, he would lead the offense but not as the quarterback. Since, Coach Spurrier said they were more than stable at the quarterback position the only way he would get any playing time was to convert to a wide receiver. All the white quarterbacks of the Gators offense were never asked to play another position. This present day situation brings to light that the White School of History is still alive in today's age. This type of situation was the reason that many pioneers: Fritz Pollard, Willie Thrower, Marlin Briscoe, George Taliaferro, James Harris, Joe Gilliam, Warren Moon, and Doug Williams, endured hatred in order prove this type of thinking wrong. The history of the African-American quarterback is one of determination, hunger, and drive, to get what they justly deserve from the white society, which is equality and respect.

The history of professional football can be traced back to the late 1800s. In 1892, William Heffelinger, a former star guard for Yale University, accepted $500, plus expenses, to play for the Allegheny Athletic Association. In a game against the Pittsburgh Athletic Club, Heffelinger scored the only points of the game by returning a fumble 25 yards for the score. On this snowy day in 1892 at Pittsburgh's Recreation Park, professional football was born (75 Seasons: The Complete Story of the National Football League (1920-1995), Multiple authors, pp. 23, 1994).

During the early years of professional football, all the teams were white. These teams were powered by names like: Red Grange, George Halas, Jim Thorpe (Native American), and some African-American athletes played on some of teams that were organized in the 1920s. The teams that some African-Americans played on were, the Milwaukee Badgers, Hammond Pros, Providence Steam Roller, and the Akron Pros. Still during this time African-Americans were not given the true opportunity to quarterback a team. African-Americans were under the confines of Plessy v. Ferguson, separate but not equal. White society viewed many African-Americans in the same stereotype as many plantation owners of the South. This general feeling was not only regulated to just the South, it was also a view in the North. And this stereotypical view was, that African-Americans were not equal to the white counterparts in any aspect of life. This type of social feeling was also, a held view in athletics. But, steps were being taken to burn this house down.

The first athlete to show that an African-American can lead a football team as a quarterback was Fritz Pollard. Here is a man that the NFL rarely talks about and in contributions to history are just as important as any other athlete of his time. This man was the first African-American to play in the Rose Bowl in 1915, with Brown University, where he became the first-ever [African American] to be named a collegiate All-American (The History of the NFL Ignores the First Black Quarterback, Evans, pp. PG, 1995). Fritz Pollard was a member of the Akron Pros in 1920 along with Paul Robeson, to become the only Africans-Americans to play in the 13-team league (The History of the NFL Ignores the First Black Quarterback, Evans, pp. PG, 1995). During his time with Akron, Pollard led the team to an undefeated season with a 10-0 record, which was a first in professional football. In 1922 Pollard and Robeson left Akron and played for the Milwaukee Badgers. In Milwaukee they were joined by Fred "Duke" Slater to give Milwaukee the first three African-Americans to play on one team. Next, Fritz Pollard coached the Hammonds Pros in 1923; this was a pioneering move to becoming the first African American coach of a professional team. After coaching 3 seasons, Pollard went back to the Akron Pros for one year in 1926 and then left professional football. Being a pioneer and showing society that African-Americans could compete equally with their white counterparts one might think the resentment toward the African-American athlete would change. After Fritz Pollard's success in professional football, the NFL secretly kept out all African-Americans athletes from 1933 until 1946. This only showed that the struggle had just begun.

Another pioneer for African-Americans at the quarterback position was Willie Thrower of the 1953 Chicago Bears. In 1953, Willie Thrower played one game where he completed three passes for 27 yards and threw one interception. During the 53 season, there were 15 African-American players in a league that had 12 teams. Willie Thrower was the only [African-American] player on the Bears roster (Just Call Me Quarterback African Americans Struggled for the Opportunity to Play Quarterback in the NFL., Spencer, Sports Illustrated, pp. 48+, 1999). Along with Thrower, there were one other African-American that played the quarterback position in 53; his name was George Tailiaferro. In the 1953 NFL season, George Taliaferro played in 2 games. Looking at this segment of NFL history, one must ask, " Why African-Americans were not given the same opportunity as the white player?" As was stated before society and their view of separate, but not equal can explain why many African-American athletes were not given the same opportunity to compete for this glamour position. During these times excuses came up: You are too good an athlete. Let's switch you to a speed position; such as receiver or defensive back, You scramble too much. We want quarterbacks who drop back and throw, You may have been a good QB in college, but the pro offense is much more complicated (Just Call Me Quarterback African Americans Struggled for the Opportunity to Play Quarterback in the NFL, Spencer, Sports Illustrated, pp. 48+, 1999). Society was just saying plainly that they did not want African-American quarterbacks in the NFL.

During the 50s and 60s the civil rights movement is becoming louder. The attitude of the New Negro is being felt by more many in the African-American community. With the movement gaining ground the African-American athlete is starting to exploit the traditional thinking of the NFL. Still, the quarterback position was a barrier that was considered off limits, but the wall was being brought down. Many teams would not give African-Americans the opportunity to show off their skills at the quarterback position for an extended period of time; but when some individuals were given the chance they proved they could play the game. One individual that proved that he could play with any of the white quarterbacks and put up the same numbers was Marlin Briscoe. Here was a man that garnered All-American honors as a quarterback at University of Nebraska-Omaha and was selected by the Denver Broncos is the late 60s. In 1968, Briscoe started five games for the Broncos and during this time he threw 14 touchdown passes.

His 14 touchdown passes was a team record for a rookie quarterback at that time. Even though Marlin Briscoe had certainly established himself as a NFL quarterback, he would be switched to the wide receiver position when he signed with the Buffalo Bills in 1969. This common practice showed that the white NFL was not going to let an African-American lead a team for an extended period of time. Black professional athletes say they were underpaid, shunted into certain stereotyped positions and treated like sub-humans by Paleolithic coaches who regarded them as watermelon-eating idiots (The Black Athlete Revisited: The Most Famous Series of Stories Ever Published in Sports, Johnson, Sports Illustrated, pp. 39 1991). Then the old attitude of years pass shows up again: that blacks are too stupid, too lacking in the so-called necessities to be qualified to fill either management jobs in sports or the "thinking" positions on team's quarterback, middle linebacker, pitcher, catcher, point guard, etc. (The Black Athlete Revisited: The Most Famous Series of Stories Ever Published in Sports, Johnson, Sports Illustrated, pp. 39 1991).

As the 70s came about African-American athletes were starting to fight back. They were not going to change their position for the pleasure of "Charlie" (the white man) and they were going to change the perception that had been held by the NFL for so long. In 1969, James Harris was going to change this perception and no one was going to make him change to another position because of the color of his skin, his athletic ability, or his so-called lack of intellect. Here was an athlete that was the prototype quarterback everyone wanted: smart, big (6" 4', 210 pounds) and strong (Just Call Me Quarterback African Americans Struggled for the Opportunity to Play Quarterback in the NFL, Spencer, Sports Illustrated, pp. 48+, 1999). Scouts wanted James Harris to play the typical stereotyped position for the African-American athlete, but he declined. Because of his stand, James Harris was not picked until the eight round by the Buffalo Bills. As he states, "You have to know that you are a QB, no matter what." (Just Call Me Quarterback African Americans Struggled for the Opportunity to Play Quarterback in the NFL, Spencer, Sports Illustrated, pp. 48+, 1999). As he played in 1969, James Harris was the only black quarterback in the American and National football leagues (Black QBs Pass Through Barriers NFL's 6 Starters Stand Out Now Only In Their Play, Mihoces, USA Today, pp01C, 1997). James Harris played from 1969 to 1979 with the Buffalo Bills (1969-71), Los Angeles Rams (1973-76), and San Diego Chargers (1977-79). During his 10-year career he amassed 8,136 passing yards, 45 touchdowns, MVP of the 1975 Pro Bowl, and he played in the NFC championship game twice with the Los Angeles Rams. Another 70s quarterback was Joe Gilliam of the Pittsburgh Steelers. He was the first African-American to start for an NFL team on opening day in 1974. Leading the Steelers to a 4-1-1 record in the first six weeks of the 74 season, Gilliam was on of the hottest quarterbacks in the league. But, he started throwing interceptions and he lost his starting job to future Hall of Famer Terry Bradshaw after his only loss. After the 74 season Joe Gilliam never started another game. Still, white America was not ready to see an African-American lead a team. Also, the quarterback position in the NFL is the last bastion, the final position on the field that has not been totally dominated by the Black athlete (Why Does the NFL Fear Black Quarterbacks? Evans, New York Amsterdam News, pp. PG, 1995). Although, many athletes had showed that they could play the position and win the prevailing attitude that white America held onto was that Blacks were intellectually incapable to command an offense. So, as one can plainly see it was not the intellect or the athletic ability that hindered many African-Americans a chance to play a position that they thrived in during their college careers it was the attitude of white society. This attitude was not only held to the football field, it was held in the cities and towns all across the country.

All through the years African-Americans have proven time and time again that they could play the position of quarterback. From Fritz Pollard to James Harris, fans and personnel saw that an African-American could play just as good as any of the white ball players. But, the eerie bigotry and ignorance of the white society kept trying to reinforce into the African-American culture that no African-American could ever truly lead an NFL team at all and definitely never to the ultimate goal of a Super Bowl victory. Enter the dawn of the eighties; African-Americans were not backing down to the oppression of white society. They were not going to sacrifice their dream because someone told them they had to change. Many African-Americans who were not given an opportunity to play their position in the U.S., moved north to Canada and excelled in the CFL.

But, some were determined to make it here in the states and they were going to break down all the barriers and succeed. The one quarterback that personified this cause in the eighties was Doug Williams. Williams was picked in the first round of the 1978 NFL draft by the Tampa Bay Buccaneers (Going Home; Super Bowl's QB Superhero Doug Williams Returns to Zachary A Local Hero Too, Friedman, People, pp. 91, 1988). When Doug Williams arrived the Buccaneers were a terrible team, but after his arrival he gave them hope. During his career with the Buccaneers, Williams led them to the playoff three times in five years. But, this was not good enough since they were always eliminated in the first round. He would receive racist letters, gifts, death threats but he kept on playing not to be discouraged. Then Doug Williams was involved in a wage dispute with management; he was a man who was being paid a measly $125,000 a season, which was 46th among NFL quarterbacks. Here was a man who started, led a team to the playoff and is 46th out of 83 quarterbacks on the pay scale. This was just another example of white societies dual labor market. After this, Doug Williams left the NFL and played in the USFL. Then, in 1986 the head coach of the Washington Redskins, Joe Gibbs, called Williams and asked him to come play for Washington. Williams accepted the job of being the back up to Jay Schroeder. In 1988 the world was going to witness history and this event was going to shock white America, since it was their views that tried to keep African-American athletes from flourishing in the role as quarterback. On a hunch, Redskins coach Joe Gibbs had benched Jay Schroeder for the playoffs and started Williams in his place, and now Super Sunday had arrived and Williams would go against John Elway and the Broncos (NFL Preview/the Quarterback, Zimmerman, Sports Illustrated, pp. 78+, 1998). Here was Doug Williams going against the great white quarterback and everyone thought this would prove that no African-American could lead a team to victory over the more intelligent white quarterback. In the end, Doug Williams led his team to a 42-10 victory over Denver and he also captured the Super Bowl MVP award. Doug Williams had brought the wall down on white society.

As we look at the present with the Steve McNairs, Michael Vicks, Donovan McNabbs, Aaron Brooks, and Daunte Culpeppers of the league, one must see that the pioneers through the ages paved the way for the present situation. Fritz Pollard, Willie Thrower, Marlin Briscoe, James Harris, Joe Gilliam, and Doug Williams all made key contributions to help the present day quarterback get his shot, his opportunity to play the position that he wants to play and not by the stereotype of white America. Now, these men are labeled quarterbacks and are looked upon as quarterbacks. Has society fully accepted them as an equal to their white counterparts? Only time will tell if white society has truly accepted the African-American quarterback or if their ignorance still prevails. But, these pioneers will continue the history so that the next generation will crush the wall of racism before them, and prove that stereotypes and the ignorant critics wrong once and for all.

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Essay on Game Theory

This was an exciting and mind-opening research project, and I really learned a lot from it. While difficult to choose what to say, and more importantly how to say it, I found the web site gametheory.net, which had a ton of information and where I got most of my information. I will be using quite a lot of passages from this site however, as it is worded better then I ever could. These passages will be following by parenthetical references that site exactly where I got them. I don't know if this is necessary for a math research paper, but it is how the AP style book requires it, so that is how I will be doing it.

Game Theory:
Game theory is an awesome yet distinctively hard to explain method of mathematics that has been used for thousands of years but has only recently come to our attention as a great type of math to use when approaching decisions that are otherwise impossible to reach. The actual first well-know and publicized book was written by John Von Neumann, who was a great mathematician, and known for the founding of the theory, named The Theory of Games and Economic Behavior. He wrote this in collaboration with another great mathematician who was also an economist by the now well-known name of Oskar Morgenstern in 1944.

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How to describe game theory? It is very hard to describe it, so the following is the best explanation I can give. Game theory is a distinct and interdisciplinary approach to the study of human behavior. The disciplines most involved in game theory are mathematics, economics and the other social and behavioral sciences. (Strategy and Conflict: An Introductory Sketch of Game Theory. Taken on March 13th, 2003.

Now the theory of games in no one theory at all, but many, now in game theory, like in regular games, there are players, always more then one, and these players must make decisions that will affect the outcome, whether it is a reward or punishment. With just two people involved in the game, it is rather simple to predict the outcome, the more players get included, the more complex the game grows, and it becomes almost impossible to give answers to the questions that the game is imposing. These questions generally are, how should the players behave? And what should the ultimate outcome of the game? To answer these questions of course, is the solution of the game. So there we have the basic outline of what game theorists have to play around with.

Game theory is not only related to war and games, it is also linked largely to economics. This shouldn't be so surprising since one of the original theorists mentioned above was one of the leading economists of his time. People ask how math is related to our economy. This is tricky, as there are several problems that make it difficult to put many economic problems in game farm. Firstly, it is hard to specify precisely the strategy that is supposed to be made available to the players, and the resolutions of the final problem is obviously debatable, as what one player might consider good and well, the other player or players might consider unfair. Better put "these are among the "circumstances" that the person takes into account in maximizing rewards. The implication of property rights, a money economy and ideally competitive markets is that the individual needs not consider her or his interactions with other individuals. She or he needs consider only his or her own situation and the "conditions of the market." But this leads to two problems. First, it limits the range of the theory. Where-ever competition is restricted (but there is no monopoly), or property rights are not fully defined, consensus neoclassical economic theory is inapplicable, and neoclassical economics has never produced a generally accepted extension of the theory to cover these cases. Decisions taken outside the money economy were also problematic for neoclassical economics." (Strategy and Conflict: An Introductory Sketch of Game Theory. Taken on March 13th, 2003.

Now an interesting fact: we all know that logic is the foundation of mathematics, and game theory has been proved useful in highly technical areas, of which logic is one of the chief ones. Another technical area to which game theory can be applied is in differential games, which have applications in control and optimization. This includes games of pursuit and evasion, warfare, and can even spread as far as profit maximization. A lot of military leaders and historical figures have applied this. In my presentation I will be including such examples as when Cortez landed in Mexico, he only had a small force with him, but he burned his ships after he landed. This was used for multiple reasons, one, his soldiers now knew that they had no way of going home, so they had better win the fight or they would all die, 2, the Aztecs saw the ships being burnt so they figured that the Spaniards had some kind of reason and must be invincible, so they fled to the hills and Cortez took over without a fight. Another example is in the Novel Henry V, the Count of Agincourt kills the French prisoners in full view of the enemy. This allows his men to see that the enemy sees that their men have been killed therefore if they do not win the battle and are taken prisoner they will most likely be killed as well, this makes them want to fight better and win the war. This also allows the enemy to know that their opponents know that if they are taken prisoner they will be killed, so they know that they are going to fight even harder, therefore their resolve might weaken. At the same time however, they are enraged that their fellow countrymen have been killed so they will fight harder as well to avenge the deaths of their friends. And this cycle goes round and round. It is a classic example of the mirror within the mirror; it goes on and on and on.

While doing a search on game theory I came across an interesting article in Fortune magazine, in it John McDonald described the results of a one and a half year study of the way top executives in large companies make decisions. In his report he described game theory as "uniquely qualified to make sense of the forces of work and how it related to the strategies of some actual corporations caught up in conglomerate warfare". He went on to talk about airline competition, plant location, and product diversification as fertile area for the use of game theory.

Now while there are many different applications of game theory, such as: one-person games, two person games, the utility theory, the n-person game etc. What most people deal with, and what we have been talking about so far and will continue to talk about is the Two-Person, Zero-Sum Games of Perfect Information, or in layman's terms, a game that involves two people, parties, or corporations etc.

When dealing with two or more parties, the main element that makes it a game is the amount of information available to the players, and these complicate matters considerably. The final outcome of a game depends on the actions of both players, while trying to think in advance of what your opponent will do in case of your move. "If I do this, will my opponent do this or that, or if I do that move will my opponent do that or this", these are the classic questions that come up when applying this theory. For example the stone-paper-scissors game, in this game the players much choose their strategies simultaneously, neither knowing what the other is going to do. Now if you know what your opponent is going to do, then the answer is simple, but that would be a case of a one person game. In this game one would try to create a theory of what his opponent will do based on what he has done previously, and what he is going to do based upon the moves of his opponent. This information is of course kept in his head, as well as the possible outcomes, and the circle once again goes round and round, and we are back to the mirror in the mirror.

On this topic, in Von Neumann and Morgenstern's book, they put the problem this way: "Let us imagine that there exists a complete theory of the zero-sum two-person game which tells a player what to do and which is absolutely convincing. If the players knew such a theory then each player would have to assume that his strategy has been "found out" by his opponent. The opponent knows the theory, and he knows that a player would be unwise not to follow it. Thus the hypothesis of the existence of a satisfactory theory legitimatize our investigation of the situation when a player's strategy is found out by his opponent". (The Theory of Games and Economic Behavior: John Von Neumann, and Oskar Morgenstern in 1944.)

Now we come to the paradox of this as well, if we are successful in constructing a theory of stone-paper-scissors that indicates which of the three strategies is best, an intelligent opponent with access to all the information can use the same logic and deduce our strategy. He then second guesses and wins, so if the original player uses the "best" strategy it would end up being fatal, however if the first player knows that the second player knows the theory and the first player knows that the second player knows that the first player knows that he knows, then he is back to the beginning of the paradox. Once again we are back with the mirrors.

This is where the mathematical equations come into effect and help us to figure out what needs to be done to ensure us of our victory. I am not going to get into all of that here, as it is too hard to explain and will take too long. However, when I give my presentation I will be showing some different mathematical equations that show how this theory works and I will be talking about it then.

Another theory we must look at that is closely related to game theory is the Nash Equilibrium, where each player's strategy is optimal given the strategies of the other players. Yes this is confusing, in better terms: If there is a set of strategies with the property that no player can benefit by changing her strategy while the other players keep their strategies unchanged, then that set of strategies and the corresponding payoffs constitute the Nash Equilibrium.

It actually is not that major of an issue while trying to explain game theory, and it can lead to more confusion, so that is all I will be talking about on the Nash Equilibrium theory.

In Summary:
In constructing a theory of a 2 or more person's game, the game theorist has a choice, he can focus on one aspect of the game and disregard others, or he can try to capture all the relevant features of the game in a single model. Yet in either of these choices he/she still will end up paying a price.

If player/players one chooses the first course, and assumed that they were dealing with other competitive players who could communicate and have simultaneous and instantaneous access to each other, then this theory is convincing and may be used to predict what the range of punishment or reward will be.

Game theory describes the situations involving conflict in which the payoff is effected by the actions and counter-actions of intelligent opponents.

It has been our intention to make this report as clear as precise as possible, to do this we have dappled in or discussed application that are excessively technical. Not only would it take too long, but also it is difficult for us to understand as well, to do this we would have to mention applications that have been made to international trade, the use of national resources, collective bargaining. These are way too in depth and detailed and would take several hundred pages and months of studying.

However, hopefully my readers have some idea of game theory after reading this, and some idea of what the problems are and what to do about them.

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Essay on Parents

The society of our human beings is really a complex system. Then what is the basis, or say, the smallest unit of such an unwieldy system? People will say "family" with one voice. Usually family is considered to be the essential element of a society. If we look the word "family" into a dictionary, its definition is simply "a group consisting of parents and their children". Then we come to the conclusion that the relationship between parents and children is the most basic one among all the interpersonal relationships that exist in the world. And there is no doubt that it plays an important role in our society.

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The bond between parents and children is incredibly strong. A main reason is that parents and children are linked because of their ties of blood. This unique tie distinguishes it from any other interpersonal relationships. The love between parents and children is special. It grows for so many years without judgment, without limit. Our parents simply love us beyond all bounds. They love all the things belong to us, not only our strengths and gifts but also our weaknesses and faults. This strong love is from parent's hearts, there is no interests mixed in it at all. It is such a pure and exquisite emotion that parents will do things for their children that no one else would dream of. They give completely selfless devotion to their children. You could ask a parent if he or she would cut off an arm for a child and without hesitation, even thinking, he or she would answer yes. You could also ask a mother about her rage if someone does her children harm. I think it will be an unusual rage that we who don't have such experience can imagine. We often see and hear some moving things, for example, one mother saved her child desperately in an sudden accident, regardless of her own life. This is what we called great love of mother, I think.

I think parents are the most important factor in their children's lives. Whether they are with their children two hours a day or twelve, parents are special to children. They make the most difference during their childhood. Furthermore, they make the great impact on the rest of their lives. As I have mentioned above, parent's love towards their children is a strong feeling that it is even beyond life. But usually they keep this beyond-life feeling deep in their minds. What parents do most for their children are ordinary, small and mundane. It is true that parents are the first teachers in their children's lives. They, as living examples, influence their children little by little, step by step. Mostly, they help children conduct their daily lives, help them with their manners, with homework, with habits, with their sense of right and wrong, of justice and morals. They teach their children in the ways that they can understand, for instance, through discipline, play, explanation and talking. Take me as an example, when I was a little girl, my mother asked me to set the table every evening. This helped me to know "to gain something, you should also put in your work". And when I grew up a little, my parents let me feed a cat at home. At the same time, I learned about the responsibilities that come with ownership. You see, it was through these small and common things, I have learnt the codes of conduct and developped my attitude towards life.

Education of family is always a hot topic. Regarding that nuclear family have become to dominate the family forms in today's society, education of family turns out to be more and more important. Here, I just want to mention one point, that is, as the unique and special people in their children's lives, parents need to spend as much time as possible with their children. By this, I don't mean that parents should spend twenty-four hours a day with children. In today's society, everyone is busy making their lives, especially our parents. To improve the standard of the whole family, they have to devote themselves to their work. And of course, they all need time for themselves. So, some parents would leave their children to the babysitter or to the day care center. But you see, babysitters come and go; day care center staffs turn over regularly whereas parents are the constant presence in a child's life. Nobody can take its place in children's minds.

Being parents doesn't only mean providing children for material comforts, what parents should do is to have more and better time to be with their children. In my opinion, a good parent ought to try to talk with their children and exchange thoughts with them more often. Father and mother should learn to stand in children's shoes, to fully understand them. This is very important for both toddlers and young people like us. The key word, I think, is giving children the sense that they are the most important and precious treasures parents have. Of course, this doesn't equal spoiling children.

We say that family is special because of its constancy and staying power. Both parents and children are members of a family. We, as children, should not sit idle and enjoy the fruits of our parent's work, we should also give our love and respect to our parents. Only when both sides realize this, a harmonious family can be made.

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