Voyeurism Essay

Voyeurism at the heart of cinematic pleasure

Speaking about the definition of the voyeurism, it is generally refers to the disorder of sexual arousal.

It involves the act of observing people that do not even know about that fact, they are usually strangers, which are naked or in the process of disrobing, having petting or having sex. Masturbation usually takes place during, or after the voyeuristic activities. Voyeurism also includes listening to erotic conversations, also telephone sex.

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People watch films for pleasure. They are going in for watching for some things they lack in everyday life or simply to have rest. They search for something new and curious about the things they never experience.

Voyeurism in cinematography takes not the last positions. It is usually viewed from the point of the disorder when people can’t live without watching someone without permission, or disorder on the sexual basis when person’s successful sexual life wholly depends on the watching and sexual arousal can come only after that. Cinematography basically works for the customer. And it is rather hard to define why do voyeurism scenes are so common there. Everything is relative and nobody can surely define what can be called a disorder, but most evidently the reason is the following. When a person doesn’t know that he/she is observed he behaves naturally and that is the most valuable thing in each person’s life- being self and enjoying the present moment, which is the only one that is worth living for. And at the same time, the other person, voyeur, is not self-sufficient and seeks for stoling another person’s moment getting the highest pleasure of that process.

The one most complex movie of Hitchcock, Vertigo, there are many themes that come out throughout the film. After the first glance, voyeurism theme may not appear so obvious and main. In the film, the theme does not appear from the very beginning. Scottie is said to be a retired police officer. And to watch seems to be his everyday job. Policemen are constantly looking around for searching clues for this or that crime or accident. After his retirements, he is hired for another private position as a private investigator for his old mate’s wife. He becomes a perfect example of a voyeur, a private eye, who job is what else can consider a disorder- to watch.

There is a very firm connection between person’s activity and his further deeds. What is called a disorder, a person may be paid for getting double benefit. Movies with voyeuristic impacts are usually thrillers and hard to watch. It is something forbidden and that is always much more interesting. They are always psychologically deep and made people think a lot (American Beauty).

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Essay on Night Terrors

Contrary to the opinion of the most Night Terrors – are not just a usual thing, more to it is not even a real dream in the sense of the word we are used to! Most of the people think that night terrors and nightmares are synonyms; however there is a clear distinction between the two terms on both psychological and physiological levels.

Take a thought of these examples: Night terrors occur in early night, usually several minutes after the person felt asleep, and it is not even a REM time. The beginning of the terrors are accompanied with body moving (which represents the relaxation of muscles), and then followed by excess sweating, shouting, and finally sudden awaking. What makes the person to do it? It’s a common place that people do not remember what happened in the dream in case of night terrors and that’s where the clue must me sought.

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Though the nature of night terrors has not been fully investigated the researchers determined that they happen during the early period, which takes place within an hour after the beginning of sleep and lasts from five to ten minutes. Night terrors are basically severe eclectic life-like nightmares (Jugass 24). Loud screaming and thrashing about are common; sleeping person is difficult to wake up and often recalls nothing but an overpowering emotion or a particular episode, if anything.

The causes of night terrors are not well understood, but as a form of dream they are thought to be only a bare “reflection of person’s unconsciousness” (Smoley 13). Night terrors provide our awareness a possibility to bring back its stability by balancing the subconscious affects in our lives and neutralizing the stress accumulated during working day.  

The physical explanation to the strange events of night terrors lies in the fact that before a person deeply falls asleep his brain waves begin regular alpha rhythms, indicating a relaxed state. While rhythms are being synchronized the inevitable wavelengths mismatches occur – they are the source for the brain to create phantasmagoric and terrifying pictures (Natterson 42). There is a psychological connection of person’s mental state to the kind of night dreams he has. One of the ideas is that mentally unstable people (which may include permanent and temporary instability, caused, for example, by sickness or some psychological trauma) experience more vivid and long-lasting night terrors.

After a brief examination of night terrors we now know that they are scientifically classified as ‘nightmare dreams’ but we tend to believe that night terror is an attempt of our soul to reconnect itself to the universal spirit and heal the wounds or find a solution to bothering question. Night terrors are a ‘balancing figure’ between every-day stress and deep relax of the brain at night. Person’s mental and physical health has direct impact on how often the night terrors happen.

  

At the end: avoiding night terrors is easy – just try not to take everything close to your heart and simply live your life always smiling.

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US Constitution of 1787 Essay

Essay on US Constitution of 1787

A Good Start Despite Imperfectness

Today, the American state is considered one of the most successful and stable examples of democracy in the whole world. American citizens can boast of high quality of life, economic and social well being, human rights protection, political freedom, and many other benefits resulting from advanced democratic development secured by carefully worked out legislation. Furthermore, the United States of America actively promotes and safe-guards the democratic ideology in the modern society worldwide.

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The origins of these results are found in the work of the American Founding Fathers, whose work was displayed in two major documents: first, Declaration of Independence, where the Founding Fathers expressed their mistrust to the British authority, and, later, The Constitution, adopted in 1787 by the Philadelphia Constitutional Convention.

Despite its historical importance, American constitution was far not the first. The authors that contributed to the appearance of the Constitution were influenced by the ideas and concepts introduced in the constitutions of other countries. The most evident source is Britain. For example, the very concept that the state should use a written document, or the constitution, as a guideline was inherited from the British philosopher John Locke.

According to Kim Lane, the US Constitution was also much influenced by the ideas present in the constitutions of Poland and France, and also by several constitutions that appeared, though for a short time, as a result of European Revolutions of 1848. As it becomes clear, the Founding Fathers have applied a technique, well known in the today’s marketing, called benchmarking: analysis and ethical copying from several sources.

Anyways, American constitutional experience turned out to be very important for the world’s history because it showed how one can construct a long-lasting democratic government on the basis of clever progressive ideas summarized by the adoption of a constitution.

Interesting enough, but the Founding Fathers themselves were not very satisfied with the outcome of their work. For example, the patriarch of the American democracy, Benjamin Franklin, was quite a bit doubted about the efficiency of the constitution. Franklin expressed worry that this document could be corrupted by personal prejudices, selfish interests, errors, and passions of the people who contributed to its creation.

Despite their self-critique, Founding Fathers were of an opinion that the Constitution with all its strengths and weaknesses was the best alternative in the circumstances of that time. The certain weakness of the Constitution was marked by the disorder and instability in the first years after its adoption (rebellions in western Pennsylvania and North Carolina) and the contemporary criticism of several ideas and policies of that time (i.e., slavery approval and genocide against Indians). However, the adoption of the Constitution demonstrated Americans’ ability to be a strong state organized and proved the people’s national identity.

Constitution became a favorable background fro the further economic development, and was upgraded by the politicians of the later generations.    

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Underground Railroads Essay

Essay on Underground Railroads

The Underground Railroads were not exactly railroads that went under the ground. These railroads were simply the pathways, which led enslaved Afro-Americans to freedom. The other name for these routes is Liberty Line. Escape tracks ranged all over the North American continent from South in Mexico to North in Canada. The history knows that one of the railroads led to Caribbean islands. Since no one exactly knows the details it is hard to tell when the help to runaways started but some reports say in could happen in the very early 1700’s and ended only after 1856 the Union’s victory in Civil War. Many people involved in helping the Underground Railroads sometimes even did not realize their participation, however the notable movement made its impact on the development of proslavery argument.

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The people who were against the slavery in the United States and managed the underground railroads were called abolitionists. This people aimed to reach a goal of proclaiming the slavery law in America illegal. This certainly wasn’t making the slave-owners positive about the loss of their ‘property’. The slave-owners treated the process as “organized theft”. The money invested into slaves and now being lost made slave-owners very unhappy about Northern helping Afro-Americans. To arrange some sort of official decision about the Railroads the South determined to pass the Fugitive Slave Act of 1793. The Act prescribed the slaves to be an eternal property of their owners and allowed slave-owners to recover underground railroads anywhere in the United States (Gara, p. 83). However the North would not refuse its plans to help the slaves flee from their owners.

Confederate Policy on Afro-American Soldiers in Civil War

To the surprise of many historians the Southern slave-owners have managed to utilize their slaves during the Civil War fighting on the side that supported and protected slavery in the United States. The Africans fought for a quarter of a century against the Cheyenne, Comanche, Kiowa, Apache, Ute and Sioux. At the end, thirteen major black campaigners, which were called ‘buffalo soldiers’ by Indians, were awarded the Medal of Honour as part of a national movement to celebrate the struggle against genocide of Native Americans, underlining the U.S. government’s policy of manifest destiny.

The oppressed Africans where taken by force from their homeland to fight in America against another oppressed race. The fighting, for the Buffalo Soldiers, began in their homeland. Africans where fighting for their freedom when they where in Africa. In fact, Africans have been struggling for their freedom for centuries. However, they were taken by force in ships while resisting in pro of their freedom. The struggles for survival continued: upon being captured they were put in ships bound for Jamaica and America, in the harshest conditions. They persisted to fight after their appearance in America against the Native American Indians. It’s ironic how the minority group of African-Americans has been helping others, in various ways; in this case they helped the Americans conquer their freedom yet Afro-Americans are still fighting for equality and suffering discrimination.

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Managerial and Financial Accounting Essay

Accounting is the top sphere of activity of the enterprise. The enterprise is operating in cooperation with other representatives of business that is why the common rules should have been accepted. GAAP or Generally Accepted Accounting Principles is a set of standards for the accounting rules accepted worldwide. It is an information system that provides reports to stakeholders about the economic activities and condition of a business.

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The main principle of accounting is a double entry records. All transactions are recorded in books for debits and corresponding credits. There are two types of accounting, financial and a managerial one.

The financial accounting is mainly applied for the external use and a managerial one is used for the internal application.

Managerial accounting is used to assist the management of the company in planning, directing, motivating and controlling (Garrison, Noreen, 2005). The managerial accounting differs from the financial one. The managerial accounting is aimed to provide the management of the enterprise with the information necessary for the future activity. Its main objective is to assist the management in the decision taking. It is not obligatory one, i.e. it does not have the fiscal function.

The brief differences between the managerial accounting and the financial one are following. The financial accounting provides the information for external users who plan the financial decisions, creditors, stakeholders etc. The managerial accounting is objected to managers who control the company.

The financial accounting is characterized by the verifiability. One of the main objectives of the financial accounting is to provide the owners with the financial reports on investments involved and the effectiveness of the financial activity of the enterprise. The investors who are not involved into enterprise activity directly get the information on the financial state of the enterprise from the financial accounting. Managerial accounting is focused on the future planning.

The financial accounting is mainly focused on the past activity, i.e. it has the reporting function, while the managerial one is focused on the future decisions.

Normally investors are not interested in the inner operations of the enterprise that is why the financial accounting reflects the operations of the enterprise as a whole. Managerial accounting presupposes the detailed information on the operation of the enterprise divisions.

The financial accounting is focused on the precision of the figures; the managerial accounting is focused on the timeliness.

The financial accounting is the subject of precision. The financial accounting need to follow the requirements of GAAP, while there is no strict obligation for the managerial accounting to follow the GAAP.

The modern business environment requires special approach towards the managerial accounting. The increase of its significance is defined by a number of factors. They are the competitive environment of business, the implementation of the new technologies, regulatory changes and the increasing complexity of the enterprises.

Normally the decisions are taken on the basis of analysis and recommendations worked out by CFO.

The success of the enterprise depends upon the CFO. It is naturally the financial officers should follow certain ethic principles. These ethic principles have been worked out by The Institute of Management Accountants. Sometimes the accountants face the ethic dilemma. On one hand they should follow the CEO instructions; on the other hand these instructions may contradict to the certain ethic principles. The Institute of Management Accountants has worked out the Code of Ethics for the accountants. The Code includes some major divisions. All these requirements may be classified according to four principles (Code of Ethics, 2005).

COMPETENCE – Defines the professional skills of the accountants. The accountant is the key figure on the enterprise and his/her professionalism is among main factors defining the successful operation.

CONFIDENTIALITY – Accountant is a person who has access to the financial state of the enterprise. The disclosure of the financial operation of the enterprise may bring big losses for the enterprise.

Unfortunately, some CFO’s do not follow these principles. Andrew Fastow, the CFO of the biggest American corporation Enron was in the centre of the scandal charged with securities, mail and wire fraud, as well as money laundering and conspiracy, for actions between 1997 and 2001 that officials say helped Enron trick investors, while Fastow and his associates allegedly pocketed millions (CNN, 2002).

The Enron management got involved into insider trading, a disgracing phenomenon which led to the collapse of the enterprise. The key information on the financial activity of the enterprise was used for gaining the personal goals.

INTEGRITY – Accountant should avoid any conflicts of interests of the enterprise as well as any other actions which may bring the losses to the enterprise.

OBJECTIVITY – The information released by the accountant should be objective and fair. Accountant should disclose fully all-relevant information that could reasonably be expected to influence an intended user’s understanding of the reports, comments, and recommendations presented (Code of Ethics, 2005).

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Kramer vs. Kramer Essay

The film "Kramer vs. Kramer", directed by Robert Benton, is based on the novel by Avery Corman and represents one of the best films of 1979. Generally speaking, this film has already become classic and one of the most interesting films created in Hollywood. This film seems to be different from others created in Hollywood though the main theme of “Kramer Vs. Kramer” is not innovative and the problems that the film raises may be found in many others but what makes this film different from all others is the angle which the audience view them from.

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Unlike other films about problems existing within families between husbands and wives, between parents and their children, and particularly the problem of divorce and suffering of children, “Kramer Vs. Kramer” is focused not only child’s perception of divorce and all its negative consequences but what is not less important it provokes to think about parents and their problems engendered by the divorce. At the same time, the problematic of the film may be perceived on the higher level, on the level of contemporary relations within our society and our families which often raise the problem of choice, the choice between work and family, between personal happiness and happiness of the partner, finally, the choice between one of the parents that seems to be the most dramatic, particularly for a child.

So, what can be said about “Kramer Vs. Kramer”? First of all, this film depicts if not typical than quite an ordinary family with problems which are true to life and the situation is quite realistic. Actually, this film is an attempt to provoke discussion about problems of contemporary families and society at large. What we see in Kramer’s family is a traditional, I would even say a bit stereotyped, American family in which the farther, Ted Kramer (Dustin Hoffman), is a workaholic for whom his job is undoubtedly on the first place while his own family plays a secondary role. The wife and mother, Joanna Kramer (Maryl Streep), is rather a housewife practically deprived of her own interests dedicating her time to her family that finally leads to breakdown. The child, Billy Kramer (Justin Henry), who obviously lacks communication with his father and in the meantime, he is bringing up by the mother who is deprived, depressed and practically loosing her control over her life and finding the only way out in the divorce. On analyzing such a situation, we understand that creators of the film intended to demonstrate a gender shift in relations within families because it is obvious that Ted is a typical male living for work while his wife wants to change her life and she cannot bear such a situation and she leaves her husband and child. By the way the latter fact is quite unusual and probably shocking for some part of American society at the late 70s because traditionally females were perceived as mothers caring about their children and their families and such act of Joanna demonstrates that she is ready to break such stereotypes and lead the life she wants. And the fact that Joanna wins custody after court trial is probably the best evidence of such public stereotypes which were hyperbolized in the court and found its expression in such an outcome of the trial.

As for her husband, Ted Kramer, we observe the contrary process. He used to be a workaholic but, being abandoned by his wife, he has to change his lifestyle and his view on life. It is quite a remarkable fact that “taking his son to school on the first day after his wife has left him, he asks: “What grade are you in?” (Ebert 1992:113). Probably it is the most remarkable but not the only fact proving that he was far from his family. It seems that he does not even fully realize that his wife has decided to leave him when she talks to him about it, he does not simply believe it. But after it he has to start practically a new life and not very successfully from the point of view of Ted-before-divorce. Now it is another Ted Kramer. He takes care about his son, he discovers his son for himself, they build new real relations as father and son though such changes resulted in the firing of Ted but still he has lost his job but found his son. Thus, from a workaholic who did not really know his child, Ted transforms into a good parent which Joanna used to be. On watching this film we can’t keep from sympathizing this caring farther. Probably this transformation helps us to understand what actually a parent should be.

Naturally, one may compare Ted and Joanna and say that it was heartless to leave the only child, Bill, to a person like Ted but it is necessary to realize that Joanna was practically the only parent for Billy till the moment she left the family. Thus, Joanna, before the divorce, and Ted, shortly after it, may be called good parents who really love their child, build relations with him and who are probably the closest people for the child. But the problem is that they fail to unite it in terms of time. For Ted it was too late to start new relations with his son because the family has been already ruined, while for Joanna the divorce was the only possible way to change her life, as well as the life of her child and ex-husband. If they succeeded to become good parents not before or after the divorce but in one and the same time obviously there would be no divorce at all.

Anyway, as it has already been mentioned Joanna Kramer wins custody but soon she decides to give custody of Billy back to Ted. And again such act breaks all stereotypes about female’s role in American society but at the same time we agree with such decision because Joanna is not anymore that good mother she used to be while Ted, on the contrary, has transformed in a good father.

Probably, it is the best solution in such circumstances but not ideal one because Bill suffers a lot. Emotionally, the divorce is a great stress for him as for any other child and his parents should take care about their child first of all and find out another solution but unfortunately reuniting of the family would look like a fancied happy end of the story far from real life and the film would lose its realism as it has partially did after the decision of Joanna to give the custody back to Ted. But anyway, we should realize that for a child both parents are extremely important and they are responsible for emotional well-being of their child and certainly Bill practically looses his mother soon after he regained his father, who, in his turn, has been lost all the time before the divorce. It is obvious that for a child treats only those as parents who take care about him and who are really close to him and are able to understand his feelings and sufferings. Now it seems that it would be more logical to give custody to Ted because it was he who cared about Billy but such outcome was hardly possible in late 70s even nowadays no one can guarantee that in such a situation custody would be given to a parent like Ted but still now his chances would be higher.

So, what can we learn from this film “Kramer Vs. Kramer”? Firstly, it is the idea that it is never too late to change our life and it is never too late to become a good parent. It is also important to understand what consequences the divorce may have for a child and his parents and how difficult it is for all of them to separate the family and leave a child with one of the parents. At the same time the film creates a prototype of a good parent but at the same time underlines that normally a child need both parents not only one, even if he is ideal. 

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