My Sister's Keeper Essay

Jodi Picoult, the famous American author, wrote a great number of touching, sensitive, heartbreaking books. Being a mother of seriously ill child, she expressed her suffer, love, patience, courage, and tenderness in all her brilliant compositions. However, among Jodi Picoult’s wonderful books there is one simply outstanding one, for which the author has received numerous literature awards. It is “My Sister’s Keeper”. Let us look at the main ideas from this bestseller.

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The plot of the book reveals the story of the Fitzgerald family – mother Sara, father Brian and three children, Jessie, Kate (16), and Anna (13). Kate has a serious disease – at the age of 2, she was diagnosed leukemia. As it turned out that in the context of modern biomedical technologies the tissue, fluids, and stem cells of sibling may help soundly in curing leukemia, Sara and Brian decided to take a serious step. They committed in virto fertilization in order to give birth to a daughter, Ann, which could become a source of precious material for Kate. For her entire life Ann have passed hundreds of bone marrow and blood transplantations, painful shots and operations, in order to relieve pain of her sister, which she loves very much. When it turns out that Kate needs kidney transplantation, Ann takes a serious decision – she hires a lawyer to suit her parents in court. She wants to gain medical emancipation from parents in order to be able to control her body herself. During the case, Ann is granted authority over her body. However, before she reveals whether she wants to donate her kidney to Kate, Ann is killed in a car accident. Eventually Ann’s kidney is successfully transplanted to Kate. The epilogue of the story reveals the surprising detail – it was Kate who asked Ann to suit parents, as she preferred to die than to make Ann suffer from serious kidney transplantation surgery.

The book “My Sister’s Keeper” acutely portrays the effects of modern biomedical technologies on people. The most demonstrative example is, of course, Ann, which lives in constant fear of doctors and hospitals. “…The nurses holding me down to stick me for white cells Kate might borrow; the doctor saying they didn't get enough…, the bruises and the deep bone ache after I gave up my marrow; the shots that sparked more stem cells in me, so that there'd be extra for my sister…,” – that is what modern biotechnology meant to little girl that had to grow up quickly.

All the characters are very realistic and impressing in this book, making no place for heroes or villains. The parents, Jessie, the layer Campbell Alexander, and of course Ann are the people of very difficult destiny. However, the character that seemed closer to me is Kate. The unselfish nature of this girl, which has undergone numerous sufferings, has touched me enormously. Loving Ann more than herself, Kate is deliberately choosing to die rater than to let her sister suffer again. In her book Jodi Picoult exploits very contradictory issue of organ transplantation. Modern scientific discoveries are a subject of sound debates from ethical and moral standpoints. Although the stem-cell technology has some obvious positive effects (like a possibility to treat some serious diseases for close relatives), human body part transplantation may have serious negative impacts. One of them is the treatment of human body as a commodity, or a natural asset. In this context donor is cynically seen as a source of biological material for recipient, which contradicts the very essence of human morale. The book “My Sister’s Keeper” demonstratively depicts both positive and negative effects of biotech, combining them to make the acute though tender dramatic masterpiece.

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Woodrow Wilson Essay

"Fourteen points for peace" have been prepared by B. Wilson together with his closest advisor, Colonel House, in late 1917. They were dictated by Wilson in his speech before Congress in January 08, 1918 as a basis for the peaceful rebuilding of postwar Europe.

He put forward a proposal to establish an international organization of global scope: "A general association of nations must be formed under specific covenants for the purpose of affording mutual guarantees of political independence and territorial integrity to the both great and small States" (Tindall 116). He took direct participation in the work of the commission, which was tasked to develop the institutional foundations of the League of Nations.

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As chairman, Wilson was hoping not to miss the chance to create an organization in which the U.S. would own control mechanisms. Economic power should be the main element. Who could undertake a full economic boycott, or in contrary, to provide credits, raw materials, and technologies in the world of 1919? If the economic boycott was not enough (almost improbable case), then should be put in motion the military machine of countries united in the League of Nations. Who could resist this force?

One of the most influential Republican senators, Henry D. Cabot Lodge, a senior, who became the leader of the Republicans in 1919 and the chairman of the Senate Committee on Foreign Affairs, was one of the main opponents of the United States entry in the League of Nations. Initiated by him campaign against ratification of the Versailles Peace Treaty (1919) has acquired especially violent nature almost immediately after the return of President W. Wilson from the Paris peace talks. Apart from the fact that Senator sustained personal dislike to the president, his position on the Treaty and its component parts, the Charter of the League of Nations, was determined by his conviction that the U.S. should play a more decisive role in world politics. According to the Lodge, the limitations of the League of Nations on the future role of his country in the world, is radically contrary to its interests. The appeal has been written by the Senator and without any emotions was read by him in the Senate in August 12, 1919. His speech was met with ovation of senators who filled the Senate gallery hall (Reynolds 96).

However, the ratification of the Versailles Treaty conditions proposed by Senator Lodge, as fourteen updates, did not receive the required two-thirds majority of senators, as expected, as well they did not support Wilson's proposal of an unconditional ratification of the treaty. Versailles treaty and, therefore, the U.S. membership in the League of Nations had been rejected as it wasn’t met the national interests of the country.

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Martha Ballard Essay

Martha Ballard: Nurse, Midwife, and Early American Diarist

In her work Martha encountered scarlet fever, puerperal fever and wound infections, caused by Group A hemolytic streptococci. At that time there were no antibiotics and these diseases could be lethal. As a nurse Martha not only helped patients with treatment, but also gave them and their relative psychological support, as she lost her children to epidemic before and deeply understood their feelings.

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After the Treaty of Paris recognized independence of the US in 1783, many issues were still unsolved. The United States were floundering through a postwar depression and seeking to resolve administrative problems - the states were basically much like separate states (i.e. different currencies, different laws, separate armies, etc.). Only after the writing of the Constitution and forming of the executive, legislative and judicial branches these issues began to resolve. Though may more radical leaders of the revolution were disappointed conservatism of first presidents when the revolution was over, liberty and democracy was safeguarded as highest ideals of the United States.

The story about Ms. Fosters, wife of minister of Hallowell’s Congregational Church, trial against Joseph North, Hallowell’s local judge. This story appears to be rather controversial and involves not only the rape itself but relations in the community in general. While Minister Foster was in rather bad relations with the community, Joseph North was reputable man, which could effect the decision of the court. There are no clear facts allowing to judge who was right, however many evidences testify that objectivity of court decision was questionable.

There is no information on were and how did Martha learned to be a midwife, it is likely that she learned by doing, by observing, by participating.

As a midwife, Martha gave prebirth care to expecting mothers, attended the birth of the infant assisting mothers, and provided care to the mother and her infant in early days after birth.

After France lost it territories in Maine in 1763, ordinary settlers moved to that region to take up available land, however it had appeared to be already claimed by absentee developers. This fact resulted in many conflicts regarding land distribution.

The squatters’ revolt was in its pick in 1809 and Martha Ballard’s family was involved in this drama -- Martha’s nephew, Elijah Barton, was among rebels and was accused of murder, and so called „white Indians“ marched on Augusta to break him out of jail.

Public religion in early New England meant existence and authority of a single church in each town, which would determine the individual and collective behavior norm in community. As opposed to that private piety means personal faith, resulting not from social limitations, but from internal needs.

Martha Ballard’s diary contains almost 10,000 made between January 1, 1785 and May 12, 1812, being an unparalleled document in early American history. It allows reader not only to learn some historical facts, but allows viewing these events from a perspective of a person, a woman in young American republic. It contains not only casual records of Martha’s l day-to-day life of people in that age, but also gives facts about society of that time and personal thoughts regarding this society.

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Essay on Credit

What does mean “to be credit wise”? Being credit wise means use rationally the plastic card as well as to understand how to make good credit, and how to avoid different traps.

Credits cards help many students to get financial freedom and desirable independence. Each student should use the credit card wisely as lately it helps him/her to reach the goals such as fulfill educational dreams or to buy a car. Credit card monitoring is important things for students that just require some common sense and responsibility.

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In fact, there are a lot of tips how to monitor the credit for getting good one. Following them student can easily prevent all possible trouble situations. Here are some of them:

1. Student should develop reasonable budget for each month, be thrifty and be able to stretch the money.

2. Student should not delay with bills payment. All the bills must be paid on time as in other case even one late payment can negatively impact on the student’s credit score.

3. If the student experiences some problems with bills payment, he/she should immediately provide the creditors with the changes. Student must keep in mind that this is his/her responsibility to inform the creditors about the changes.

4. The minimization of the card debt is also very useful in the student’s case. It is better not to exceed 30% of the available credit limit.

5. Charging more on the student’s card than the student can repay is unwise and irresponsible. Student must develop the wise habit of cash using. It means that student must avoid the habit of using credit cards as much has possible. If the student doesn’t want to lower his/her credit cards, he/she should remember that credit cards debt transfers from one month to another.

6. It should be limited the number of cards that student has as it is most likely student does not need more than two or three credit cards.

7. Student should avoid closing old accounts and opening new one.

8. Students always should have copies of all documents, which relates to the accounts of the credit cards.

9. As well, the records of the credit accounts must be properly maintained by the students.

10. Finally, the student should get a copy of the credit report in order to check it for accuracy.

In addition, it should be said that credit score is greatly depending from how wisely the student will maintain the credit card as the credit score can seriously impact the credit cost and student’s capability to get such financial products as car loan, auto assurance, etc. Each student should strongly realize what may happen when he/she late or miss payment. Moreover, student loans are the debt that is never forgiven if unpaid.

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Essay on Medical Research and Ethics

Centuries ago medicine was invented to help people. Today we cannot imagine our lives without people in the white robes that save out lives. Each time, leaving a doctor’s office with a smile on our face, having avoided some dangerous illness or having been cured from it, we thank god that the one who helped us had chosen this profession. However, in the last couple of decades more and more we hear about the unethical behavior of those in medicine. Of course, this is so because medicine, as all other fields of our lives has become corrupt, though this field is different from all others. This is so because sometimes when it comes to medicine and medical research in particular it is very hard to draw a line between what is ethical and what is not. In my paper I would like to talk about the conflicts between medical research and ethics.

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It has to be understood that medicine is not an exact science, like for example mathematics, physics or chemistry. In fact, medicine does not possess any general steadfast principals that are valid under all circumstances and can be applied to all the people. Every patient is different and has his/her own case history, thus the treatment that is 95% effective with patients, can cause harm to the other 5% of the population. Consequently, medicine is science that is experimental in nature. Even the most widely used and generally accepted treatments should be constantly monitored and should be analyzed for compatibility with patients. The above can be achieved only through medical research, thus it is vital to conduct it. Another very important function of the medical research, of course, is the invention of new medicine and treatments.

All doctors practice medical research to some extent, and if they do not engage in it personally they use the results of such in their practice. Conducting medical research or being updated about the results of the studies conducted by other helps the doctors stay competent and use the findings with their patients. A very common method or research is the clinical trial. Before a new drug can be put into use it has to undergo serious tastings, in which the drug is tried on animals. Though, animals are engaged in the project only at the first phase, however at the second the drug is tested on the people who have the disease that is intended to be cured. At times, the patients do not know that they are being used as a test group. As such trials became very popular in the last couple years, the demand for resources - the people – has increased. Such state of things has caused many problems leading to the fact that today the sense of ethics of many physicians is questioned (Jones, 2002, pp. 24-26).

It is well understood that medical research offers great opportunities for the doctors. It interests them, by its means they can get promoted and receive recognition by colleagues, finally, medical research helps the doctors learn more about how to help people. Though, it is vital for the doctors to remember that their role is very different from the role of a researcher. A good doctor cannot look at his patients simply as at the research material. A good doctor should not be interested in gathering knowledge when having even a slightest chance that the drug tested can hurt the patients. Thus, the conflict occurs, when the two roles start to clash. Without a shadow of doubt, not all physicians are simply willing to use their patients following the selfish motives. Though, such cases took place (Jones, 2002, p. 27).

Today the basic rules of medical ethics are established, however even fifty years ago it was far from being so. In fact, in the eighteenth and nineteenth century it was common for practicing physicians to use the patients with fatal illnesses for the sake of drug testing. It was considered then that those suffering from fatal illnesses were doomed anyway, thus it was appropriate to experiment with their, already ruined lives (Jones, 2002, pp. 31-32). Moreover, the whole world is today aware of the horrible medical tests that had been conducted by the Nazi doctors on the Jewish people at the concentration camps. However, after the World War Two, most of those doctors, if one may call them that had to go through the Nuremberg Trial, and at the end were executed. There in Nuremberg, Germany, the first ten ethical principles for medical workers have been set. The document received a name The Nuremberg Code. The same year the Nuremberg Code was comprised, the World Medical Association was created also with the purpose to prevent the violation of medical ethics (The Nuremberg Code, 1946-1947).

One of the principles listed in the Nuremberg Code is the requirement of voluntary consent if a patient is to serve as a research subject. I think it is important to talk about this principle in more detail. The principle is as follows: ““The voluntary consent of the human subject is absolutely essential.” Thus, it is vital for the patient to have full information about what is going to be done to him/her, what exactly will be tested on him/her, with what purpose, and what could be the side effects (Principles of Patient Consent). The answers to all of the above questions have to be clear for the patient to ensure that he or she has make a sound and grounded decision on this significant matter (The Nuremberg Code, 1946-1947). It was not easy for me to form an opinion on this topic, because I, as a potential patient tend to be biased. However, having spent time thinking about I came to the conclusion that even though medical research is vital for the development and improvement of medicine, it can turn to be very harmful. This issue is controversial, because it deals with the lives of people. It is very important, in my opinion, that today there several codes ensuring the ethical behavior of physicians. Though, it is regrettable to admit that horrifying cases of unethical behavior do not cease. In my opinion, when combining the roles of a doctor and a researcher, doctors enter a very slippery phase, where it is easy to get carried away. Thus, one should think twice before entering this phase.

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Essay on My Three Wishes

Last night when sitting at home watching my usual choice of bad TV I started thinking about wishes. What is a wish? Basically, “a wish” is a hope or desire for something. Additionally, the word “wish” has some kind of fictional connotation. In literature opportunities for making wishes that will come true are themes that are widely used. In realty, many cultures have a tradition to make wishes in various circumstances and expect them to come true. Such occasions can be making a wish when blowing the birthday candles, seeing a shooting star at night, or being the last one to drink from the wine bottle.

Suddenly I realized that we are constantly making wishes. Thus, I sat down and decided to concentrate on formulating mine. I am a young man, twenty-seven years of age, who is majoring in Business Accounting. Currently I am studying at the community college, though I am planning to transfer to a four-year college the coming fall. What can I wish for? The regular things a young ambitious male active in his studies would wish for.

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My first wish would be to get an amazing, fulfilling and motivating job after college. The company I am wishing to work at is JP Morgan that is the world’s leading provider of financial services (JP Morgan’s Website). I feel that I would fit into the environment of this company that is why it is my first wish to be working there.

The second wish I came up with is the wish to obtain successful and high-class education. Currently, I am planning to start studying at the four-year college majoring in the finance. I wish that I would be able to make the best out of my college years and when I finish my studies I will be able to come up with innovative ideas that might help to solve the problems put by financial crisis. I am certain that in four years when I graduate from college we will still experience the aftermath of the financial crisis. Consequently I would like to be the person helping the world cope with the aftermath by means of my knowledge, motivation and financial feeling.

My third wish is as follows, I wish that I will be able to combine the professional success with personal achievements. I am a person who values the family ties and who knows the importance of loving and being loved. Thus, my third wish is to find a wonderful woman with whom I will be able to share my plans and abolitions. This should be a woman who would stand by my side in good and bad times, a woman who would be willing to share my achievements and failures.

Having completed my list I realized that in my case my wishes may come true with the determination and motivation I possess. Certainly, I am not sure they will come true, though what I am sure about is that I will do everything for them to.

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Essay on Insanity Defense

Controversy over the insanity defense essay

According to the criminal law, the insanity defense is defense by excuse, when a defendant tries to prove that he/she should not be held criminally liable for the an act, because he/she was legally insane at the time when crime was committed. To prove this a defendant must in most cases undergo medical examination. What is understood by “insane” in legal sense is not exactly the same as psychiatric definition of “mentally ill.” If insanity is proven, a defendant must be admitted to a psychiatric institution.

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There are also opponents of insanity defense, who consider that it should not exist at all and a person should be punished fairly for his or her deeds. Insanity defense, on the contrary, only lets people escape imprisonment. Some people consider that insanity should not be an excuse for punishment.

People tend to think that insanity defense is used far too often, however, it is not exactly so. The insanity defense is used quite rare, but many of such court hearings are of high profile and draw public’s attention.

After a verdict in Hinckley case in 1982, when a person was recognized as not guilty by reason of insanity, the public concern was huge. Many reforms have been done in the next several years after the Hinckley verdict. Shortly after the trial, the legislation has changed the previous approach by requiring a “severe” mental disease. Since then some of U.S. states have banned the use of insanity defense. Among them are Montana, Idaho and Utah.

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