Wednesday, December 30, 2009

Francisco Ribalta Essay

Essay on Francisco Ribalta

Francisco Ribalta was a well-known artist of the 17th century in Valencia. According to Jusepe Martinez wrote about Ribalta, "He gave his soul to God and was venerated that he was held almost as a saint; he sought no advantages in this life but as always honourable in his dealings. His works, effort, skills and paintings had a great impact on the history of Spanish paintings".

Ribalta was born in Solsana, Lerida on June 2, 1562. Between the years 1571 and 1573, the Ribalta family left their home in Solsona for Barcelona. Francisco Ribalta was influenced by the paintings of Isaac Hermes. After his parents' death in 1581, his family decided to move to Madrid in seek of apprenticeship. During those years of studying and working, he studied paintings of royal collection. He also developed his early style, which was strongly influenced by Italian Mannerism. Mannerist style is an artistic style that takes emotions and attitude through the paintings/drawings. Ribalta's earliest works include the Crucifixion- The Nailing To The Cross (1582/1566; St. Petersburg, Hermitage), which shows his interest in Venetian coloring and the use of light.

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Francisco Ribalta developed a family of his own later in his years with Ines Pelagyo and soon had two daughters and a son, Juan in the year 1597. His family life didn't interfere his career and his passion he had for paintings. Once came to Valencia in 1598, throughout the years 1599 to 1620, he made many accomplishments which were a step closer to his career in art. Which was also the place he began the effect of shades of darkness. He painted Fray Domingo Adadon on his Death bed (1603) and Bishop Miguel de Espinosa in the same year. There were also portraits of Margarita Augllу in 1600 and Hermano Francisco del Nino JesuЬ. In 1603, Ribalta received his first major commission to paint the alterpiece for S Jaime Apostol, Algemesi. In the same year, he was also commissioned to paint Christ Appearing to St. Vicente Ferrer (1604-1605). By 1607, he was den assigned by the Gremio de Plateros to paint the altarpiece, dedicated to St. Eligius. The idea of Colegio de Pintores revived later in his years; Ribalta made a decision on taking a role in the management and signed the petition to Philip III in 1616 and 1617. A year before 1616, Ribalta developed a Baroque style using tints of light and shade (one painting was St Bernard Embracing Christ in 1620-28).

After the 1620s, Ribalta shows his understanding and his passion of naturalism through his artworks. As a matter of fact, the works that were done during those years were of the highest quality.

The Ribalta is a Spanish family of painters. Francisco Ribalta's son, Juan (1596/7-1628) also became a painter in Carayaggesque, unfortunately he died at a young age. During Francisco Ribalta's generation, he was a successful painter and was well appreciated. Not only many people approved his artworks, but also his artistic skills and his spirit. He dedicated more than half of his life and throughout his career on his works, which were mostly paintings of religious subjects and spiritual beliefs. His death took place in Valencia on January 13, 1628. "he was deeply mourned by the whole city and its inhabitants, who gave him an honourable burial." Jusepe Martinez said.

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Tuesday, December 29, 2009

Issey Miyake Essay

Essay on Issey Miyake

I observe that Issey Miyake the Japanese fashion designer desires not so much to transgress boundaries in his clothing design as to maintain them as transparent walls.

An Issey Miyake design is neither wholly Eastern nor Western; his garments seem to simultaneously inhabit different temporal and geographic spaces. A piece (for Miyake’s clothing begs one to refer to them as art pieces) may look futuristic, but it is also rooted in the ancient feudal tradition of Japan’s samurai warriors.

Born in Hiroshima in 1938, Miyake was seven years old in August 1945, when his mother, suffered serious burns during U.S atomic bombing, lived another four years after the attack. The American occupation of Japan gave Miyake a first-hand view of what the west had to offer – Marilyn Monroe, Mickey Mouse, TV, Frozen Diners – and is surely a source of Miyake’s East-meets-West aesthetic.

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In 1959 Miyake enrolled as a graphic arts student at Tokyo’s prestigious Tama Art University. His true desire, however was to study fashion design, and in 1965 he went to Paris, where he studied at Ecole de la Chambre Syndicale de la Couture Parisienne, and learned the ropes under French couturiers Guy Laroche and Hubert de Givenchy.

At the Miyake design studio, a kind of laboratory the designer opened in Tokyo in 1970, he researched fabrics and design techniques, producing innovations like moulded plastic bustiers and clothes made out of oilcloth. Using a 5th century Japanese peasant technique to distress hemp like material, Miyake was able to create full bodied flowing forms that still described the body’s natural contours.

Miyake also pioneered a polyester jersey fabric, which, cut in squares and other geometric forms, enveloped the body in what he like to call a “ second skin”.

Issey Miyake continued his radical design philosophy into the 80s but his clothes became more practical. He opened the “Plantation” store in Paris in 1981, selling affordable clothes in natural fibres designed for “real living”. The pleating that has become his signature look first surfaced in the 90s. During this period Issey Miyake designed the official pleated jackets worn by the Lithuanian Olympic team at 1992 Barcelona Olympics and produced the “Pleats Please” spring and summer collection in 1994.

In Issey Miyake’s three decades in design, he has worked at the intersection of art and fashion, nature and technology, innovation and tradition and notably, East and West.

It may have been one of the fashion world’s more bizarre recent happenings. On a cold evening in Paris, several hundred people gathered on the lawn of the Cartier foundation art gallery, where they watched Chinese artist Cai Guo_Qiang sprinkle gunpowder over an assortment of dresses, trousers and t-shirts created by Issey Miyake. Cai then lit a fuse, and it all exploded like a string of firecrackers. The clothes riddled with holes and burn stains, were then put on display in the Cartier gallery along with other examples of Miyake’s collaborative efforts with artists.

In Issey Miyake’s own words “I had chosen one idea “express energy”. Cai proposed to burn a design of a dragon on my pleats please, with gunpowder. In China, the dragon is a symbol of energy, and gunpowder is energy.

I made the clothes according to how Cai was going to use them. He laid 65 items on the floor, in the shape of a dragon. Then he put gunpowder on them, covered the gunpowder with cardboard stencils also in the shape of a dragon. He lit the fuse at the end of a trail of 65 garments. In 2 or 3 seconds you could see the result, each piece of clothing has a mark of a dragon.

“ I have always considered my job as a new way of making things. Creating new fabrics or coming up with a new technique or process, going forward, looking for new possibilities.”

Issey Miyake does not tend to go back in time or history to him the weight of the fabric on the body makes the shaped. He has never used crinoline or corsets or padding to force shapes.

Issey Miyake tends to have a different expression and process, and tends to have a different way of looking at and understanding clothes. He also does not seem to be constricted by the traditional rules of French couture. He also seems not to concern himself with current trends.

He seem to be more detached from the normal concept of clothes, which allows him not to be confined by current trends and colours which so often dictate a designers collection, also allowing him to fully exploit the fabric and the design possibilities.

When asked is fashion and art? Issey Miyake replied “No I’m disturbed when people call me an artist. When I make something it’s only half finished. When people use it for years and years then its finished. The pleasure comes when people use my clothes. I may work with artists, but what I do is make things to be used, not looked at, like a picture or sculpture. You can not use art.”

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Henri Matisse Essay

Essay on Henri Matisse

His studio was a world within the world: a place of equilibrium that, for sixty continuous years, produced images of ease, refuge, and satisfaction. Nowhere in Matisse's work does one feel a trace of the alienation and conflict which modernism has so often reflected. During Matisse’s period there were many things happening around the world that inspired artists, most were ones that were deep with meaning or exploitation such as war and depression. However Henri Matisse never painted paintings of anger, repression and dejection he painted what was important to him, comfort, happiness a kind of sanctuary from current issues. Matisse literally lived through two different worlds, he was born in 1869 and died in 1954, and he saw the most horrible wars, the biggest slaughters and the most demented rivalry of ideology in recorded history, all without being tempted to depict them on a canvas.

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In 1907 Matisse's partiality for the Fauvist freedom faded and his interest in the work of Cezanne was rekindled, he begun experimenting with various figure/background relationships, also perhaps relating to some of Van Gogh’s portraits. The Girl with Green Eyes is one of those compositions. The figure and background compete for dominance, yet they are formally linked. The curves all over the painting link together, the embroidery on her robe, the sculpture in the background and the soft curves of her face.

The brush strokes are free and expressive as the figure almost blends into the background, there are arabesque patterns all over the canvas but because of the brushwork they are made somewhat blurred and suggested. It is the happy, bold color of this portrait, which makes the initial impact. Matisse has taken his Fauvist palette and made it richer, the open areas of bare canvas are gone, which cheered up and de-formalized his landscapes and figures in his work of 1905-6. In The Girl with Green Eyes, complementary colors are adjoined and loud, and closely hued areas are contrasting.

There is a correlation in this painting, it relates to many of Van Gogh’s portraits, there is the use of outlines, a very common trait in Van Gogh’s art, the background and composition, although probably inspired by Cezanne, shows traits from Van Gogh’s portrait of his art dealer.

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Monday, December 28, 2009

How to Build a Computer Essay

Essay on How to Build a Computer

First you buy a case. Stick in your mother board and power supply. Plug in the processor, put a fan on top of it. Plug in your RAM and IDE cables. Install a hard drive and cd-rom drive. Plug in their cables. Set your motherboard jumpers. Turn on the computer. Install an operating system. Whallaa!

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Now you can play games on your computer, such as Warcraft III and Unreal 2003. To do this, first you need to go to a store and buy a copy of one of these games. Then, you need to drive back home. Once you get there, put the CD in your CD-ROM drive. To do this, press the eject/open button usually located right below the cd tray. The tray will extend, allowing you to place the cd inside. Once in position, push the button again to close. Hopefuly you have autorrun, which will bring up a setup screen for your game. Follow the instructions, typing in your cd-key and choosing the install path. Wait a while for the game to install. Afterward, you might need to install DirectX and restart your computer.

After it's restarted, find your game in the start menu and click on it. This should start the game. Move the mouse around the menu to navigate through your options. change the controls to suite your preference, then start the game either multiplayer or single player. Kill your opponents and try not to die. If you keep your kill/die raitio high, you should do fine.

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Sunday, December 27, 2009

ERP Essay

Essay on ERP

What is an ERP?
ERP stands for Enterprise Resource Planning. ERP is a system of business management that integrates all resources of a business, including planning, manufacturing, sales, and marketing.

How do such systems differ from older, traditional business information systems?
Older, more traditional information systems assess each resource individually and on separate basis. For example, marketing would be investigated separately and not combined with any other resource such as sales. Looking at marketing and sales together would help a company to see what methods increase and decrease sales. Rather, the older systems might judge each individually and not realize that they may be related. The traditional methods would not show how one resource affects another, or how to combine resources for maximum profit. The newer ERP systems help to combine all of the company’s assets into one by seeing how they are related and can work towards one goal. The newer systems also help to come up with the best way(s) for the company to grow and make decisions.

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Who are the suppliers of ERP software?
ERP software suppliers would be those companies that are in software development. They would help to create a system that would best fit the needs of the business and help to organize its operating system, as well as support its business processes.

Why are the companies investing millions of dollars implementing ERP software?
Companies are investing money in implementing ERP software to integrate their businesses. Many companies want to be nationally known, if not internationally recognized. ERP software also helps to organize the company or business so that it has necessary information on hand through networking for whoever may need it at any time with easier access. Networking helps to stay organized and up-to-date on what is happening throughout the company so that one department is aware of another departments need or progress, and vice versa. This is critical for the growing companies, or companies that intend to broaden their products and/or services.

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Saturday, December 26, 2009

Hydrogen Essay

Essay on Hydrogen

Hydrogen was discovered as a separate element by Henry Cavandish in 1766. The physical properties of hydrogen are as follows. Hydrogen is categorized as an alkali metal. In Hydrogen’s physical state (at 20°C & 1atm) it is a gas. Its crystal structure is hexagonal in shape. Hydrogen has an atomic mass of 1.00794 atomic mass units, making it the lightest known element. Hydrogen has a boiling point of 20.268 K, 252.732°C, and 422.918°F. It has a melting point of 14.025K or 434°F. Also it has Heat of Vaporization of 0.44936kJ/mol.

Hydrogen will also become a liquid at -240°C and a pressure of 13atm. Hydrogen is slightly soluble in water. This element also has a density of 0.0899g/L @ 273K & 1atm. The electron configuration of hydrogen is 1s1. Hydrogen is tasteless, colorless, odorless, highly explosive and extremely flammable.

Three ways of obtaining hydrogen are electrolysis of water, displacing it from the water molecular by the use of a metal, and the production of hydrogen by bacteria.

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In the electrolysis of water, an electrical current is passed through water to cause it to decompose, is one of the most common methods of obtaining hydrogen, it is also the most dangerous. Another method of obtaining water is to displace it from the water molecule by using a metal such as zinc or iron. Bacteria and certain types of algae can also be used to produce hydrogen. An enzyme of certain algae absorbs the sun's solar energy, these acts as a catalyst in splitting water molecules. The bacteria that produce hydrogen produce hydrogen in the same way algae do, but they differ in that bacteria need a substrate to grow on.

Hydrogen has many useful and interesting applications. Hydrogen can be used in the food industry to convert liquid fats to into solid shortenings (hydrogenation). The majority of hydrogen is converted into ammonia (by the Haber process). About a third is used to reduce copper and other metals from their ores (hydrometallurgical extraction). Hydrogen is also being experimented with as a new means of fuel for transportation. Also hydrogen’s isotopes were used in the creation of the hydrogen bomb and are one of the main ingredients in the “take off” propulsion system for NASA’s space craft.

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Dyslexia Essay

Essay on Dyslexia

Many teachers may overlook children with disabilities or think that they just might not be trying hard. They need to realize that they're are kids that have problems and eventually they are going to have to teach one. A man named David Raymond had this very same predicament. Throughout the first years of his life at school he cursed at himself and felt as if he wanted to die. He could not learn like the other kids and began to feel discouraged as everyone else around thought of him differently. David had a form of dyslexia, which is a learning disorder that effects the way a person learns to read. Even though he had this disease, he was still able to succeed in life and become a business owner. He gave a speech to many people called Being 17, Bright and Unable to Read, which explained a little about the disease known as dyslexia.

David Raymond had many thoughts on his life living with dyslexia. When he was a young child in the first years of school, he would come home from school screaming of how dumb, he was and of how he wanted to kill himself. When he was in second grade, he started to receive testing to see what exactly was wrong with him. He began to get tired of the testing. He just wanted people to stop upsetting about him. When he was 17 years old, he was only able to read at a fourth grade reading level. His parents started sending him to a special school for kids with learning disabilities. He would take a bus from his regular school to a different school across the town in which he lived. He did not like riding the bus because he rode with the kids that had anger issues and with retarded kids. He did not like being labeled like this so he despised the whole fact of needing help. He soon found other things in which he could do outside of school. He excelled at running for the track team and on the cross-country team, receiving letters in both. He also started working in pottery and was found to be a pretty good sculptor. His teachers soon understood and starting being easier on David. This pleased him since they did not make him feel like an idiot.

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David could not have made it through life on his own. He was given help by numerous people. His parents helped David with whatever they could. His mother would read novels to him along with his father helping with homework. The use of a tape recorder was needed. David would talk into a recorder then give it to his mom to write it down for him. His parents forced him to go to a summer camp for kids that cannot read one summer. David dreaded going to a place like this. Again, he did not want to be classified as a kid that could not read. He ended up having fun at the summer camp. He met many kids that had similar problems as him. He made some friends while also realizing that he is not the only one with this trouble. One of the counselors that David has at the camp told him that he had an IQ higher than 90% of the population. David did not really listen to this because he did not believe it to be true. David soon learned of famous scientists and artists that had problems in their lives. Albert Einstein did not speak a word until the 4th grade. He also flunked math, when he grew up though he became one of the most esteemed mathematicians throughout history. He too learned of a painter named Leonardo Divinci that was believed to have had dyslexia.

Throughout his life David Raymond was laughed at and helped with his problem of dyslexia. He soon realized that it was not so bad and excelled at whatever he could. He tried despite his reading problem and quickly became a successful business owner. Giving this speech must have altered the minds of many parents and teachers, which have kids with dyslexia. They may have changed their minds and gotten their kids help or learned of dyslexia by listening to David Raymond.

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Thursday, December 24, 2009

Simon Martini Essay

Essay on Simon Martini

Simone Martini was a Sienese painter during the thirteenth and fourteenth century. Martini was born in Siena, Italy in 1283. He attended the Sienese school in Italy. Martine died in 1344, in either his birth place of Siena or at Avignon, in France (Columbia, Seventh Edition).

Martini being a direct pupil of Duccio di Buoninsegns was one of the most original and influential artists of the Sienese school ( Lengmuir, 440). He introduced the fresco technique into the school. Building on techniques developed by Duccio for indicating three-dimensional space, Simone developed his own method, characterized by refined contour of line, grace of expression, and serenity of mood ( Encarta).

Martini’s earliest authentic works is his great fresco in Siena of the enthroned virgin and child, which was an altar piece panel, this one was painted originally in 1315, and restored by the master himself in 1321( Catholic, Vol. IX). In 1317, King Robert of Anjou invited him to Naples to paint, and created alter pieces for the Dominicans of Pisa and Orvieto (Columbia, Seventh Edition).

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Simone lived in Assisi for a time, where he produced one of his greatest frescoes, illustrating scenes from the life of St. Martin (Pioch, 1). In 1340, at the request of Pope Benedict XII, Simone traveled to Avignon, in the service of the papal court then resident in that place, and there he decorated various portions of the cathedral and several chapel rooms in the papal palace ( Catholic, Vol. IX). Among his works are Saint John the Baptist, and The Annunciation, considered one of the greatest achievements of the Sienese school (Lengmuir,441).

Simone’s Road to Calvary, which is a panel fresco and is 9 7/8 x 6 1/8, shows the figures not equal in size to their surroundings. The style of clothing appear to be fashioned after the styles of the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries. But the colors used in their clothes are bright and some or most are detailed in gold. One of the things that you will notice the most are the many different facial expressions.

Gowing, the author of Paintings in the Louvre writes this about this magnificent work of art: Scrambling down the precipitous road out of Jerusalem, as it is depicted in this to Calvary. It is the bitter intensity of the color from the figure of Mary Magdalen onward, miming as usual her own distraught crucifixion, that sets the ritual progress on its way. Sienese painters had a vivid sense of community, its momentum and style. Here each follower or vicious persecutor presses as urgently about Christ as the rest (Gowing,36). The author of History of Art, points out influences of other artists techniques that exist in Simone’s Road to Calvary, He writes: in its sparkling colors, and especially in the architectural background, it still echoes the are of Duccio. The vigorous modeling of the figures, on the other hand, as well as their dramatic gestures and expressions, betray the influence of Giotto. While Simone Martini is not much concerned with spatial clarity, he proves to be an extraordinarily acute observer; the sheer variety of costumes and physical types, the wealth of human incident, create a sense of down-to-earth reality very different from both the lyricism of Duccio and the grandeur of Giotto (Janson,350).

In 1330 Simone created an egg tempera on panel called Saint Luke the Evangelist. This painting is to me less detailed than his other works that I have seen. Martini still uses bright color and a dominant facial expression on his subject. In Simone’s egg-tempera portrait of the patron saint of painters, the form has been created by many parallel strokes of color (Carr, 67).

The Annunciation, created in 1333 which is a panel painting is of the Virgin Mary and the Archangel Gabriel. Simone positions them in very natural poses, because the Virgin Mary appears timid and almost worried by the words written in gold which face her, and her hands are held in a similar way to those of her visitor, who brings her a twig as a reminder of her mission (Pioch, 2). The eyes are also drawn to the vase of flowers in the center and to the dove of the Holy Ghost higher up( Pioch,2).

Simone’s Annunciation is a condensed cathedral faзade, Gothic this time, with a deep gold border (Hartt, 412). The angel’s message, Ave gratia plena dominus tecum ( “Hail, thou that art highly favored, the Lord is with thee”; Luke 1:28) is embossed on the gold background. Mary, “troubled at his saying,” recoils elegantly, her face clouded with apprehension. This is an extraordinary and unexpected style, but graceful in the extreme, with all the characteristic Sienese fluency of line translated from Byzantine Geek into Flamboyant French ( Hartt, 413).

Because of Simone’s separation from the Byzantine tradition in favor of the more fashionable courtly French Gothic style of the early fourteenth century he was able to bring back the latest French imports( Hartt,412). His art is admired for its Gothic spirituality combined with a vibrancy and a great elegance of line. He was also introduced the fresco technique to the Sienese school (Columbia, Seventh Edition). And in doing these things he was able to open the door to many more ideas and options for the artists to come after him.

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Self-Evaluation Essay

Essay on Self-Evaluation

I had taken Introduction to Acting last semester and I enjoyed it so much that I decided to take Advanced Acting this semester. The closeness the class develops after they have worked together is something you can hardly experience in another class at college.

I came into the class with some knowledge of acting and I expected to learn as much more as I possibly could. I had done some plays in junior high school, but they were all not the kind that I could say I did with experience. I wanted to know how to connect to my character. My main concern was knowing how to portray myself as the person I am playing. We definitely worked on that in class. I think all the questions that were asked to be answered painted a clear picture of who our characters are. For example, making a history for our character, why is he/she saying this?, who is he/she talking to?, what kind of setting?, etc... All these questions helped me to personalize my characters and to therefore do a better job at performing them.

I think from the time I first came into class till now, the end of the semester, I have definitely changed. We did our first performances without knowing much about what was expected, but as we went along it was explained that what was missing or what needed to change to make the scene work. By the time I was doing my final scenes I already knew what was to be expected. I am not saying I became a professional because I know that takes years (or just plain talent), but I did learn a lot and I am more knowledgeable that any one else at Baruch.

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Along with the professor I have to say that I had a lot of help from my various Self-Evaluation (Cont’d...)

partners. When two people think about the scene the result is much better than if I were doing it myself. Your partner can tell you where your lines might not be working the way your saying them, whereas for you alone it might be difficult to tell. You can also play off your partners emotions better than you can play off the reactions of some imaginary person on the wall. I also have to say that our partners were chosen almost very accurately for us. When the scene partners get along the scene becomes more enriching.

What pleased me about this class is that we had a lot more performing to do than the last class. I thing that is a challenge; to remember all those lines and emotions and not get confused. I like the fact that we did monologues. That was definitely something I have never done and it was a nice experience.

I don’t know if I want to pursue acting as a career, but it is something that I would like to consider part time. Not so much television or anything, I know I can’t do that, but theater is definitely an option I’d like to keep open. What I’ like best are the comedies. I would love to do more comedic plays. I feel I can do my best in those rather than serious plays.

I feel theater has an important role at Baruch because Baruch is a business school. What I mean is that students can get bored really easily of all these classes about accounting and financing, and to make their experience at Baruch more fulfilling, so they won’t turn out like zombies, I feel there should be theater classes at Baruch. Theater is like real life. People need to experience at least some type of theater, if not acting then watching a performance, so they can understand real life a little better.

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Wednesday, December 23, 2009

Anti-Abortion Essay

Essay on Anti-Abortion

After watching a live abortion on the Internet, my opinion of abortions has drastically changed. I used to think that it was ok in certain situations such as rape, or if there was something immensely wrong with the pregnancy or the child. But now, I have a different outlook. I don’t agree with abortion, whatsoever.

Right now in the United States, abortions are legal, and are happening all over the world. This act is killing innocent babies, and also harming, if not killing the women who are taking part in the act. If people understood more about the act of an abortion, there would be a drastic change in the number of women making the wrong decision.

According to abortionNO.com and abortionfacts.com, there are 33,545 abortions in the United States each year. Worldwide, there are 1.37 million abortions each year. 3,700 abortions every day, 155 abortions every hour. Every twenty-two seconds, another baby is aborted. Are there actually that many different reasons for this killing act? Some of the most common reasons women decide to have an abortion are: She feels unready for the responsibility, she can not afford a baby, her concern for how the baby would change her life, relationship problems, feels she is not mature enough, she already has all the children she wants, her own health, her baby’s health, rape or incest. Most of the reasons are made by a selfish decision when the mother is only thinking of herself instead of a helpless little baby inside her. Every year, more unborn children die than Americans died in the Revolutionary War, the Civil War, both World Wars, the Korean War, the Vietnam War, and the Persian Gulf Wars combined. Yet, this is legal in the United States.

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There are many different types of abortions. They are divided into three different categories: invasion of the uterus using instruments, induced labor following administration of drugs, and invasion of the uterus by abdominal surgery. Most are painful to the mother, but all are painful to the baby. Each trimester has a different method for types of abortions.

The most common abortion performed on a child up to twelve weeks is a suction abortion. The earliest type of abortion, called Menstrual Extraction is usually performed before a pregnancy test is even taken. Evacuating the Menstrual blood from the uterus by using an airtight, hand-operated suction device performs this abortion. Menstrual Extraction can also be used in cases of very early low risk pregnancy, to perform abortions without anesthesia and with lower risk of infection and complications than the standard dilation-curettage method.

Another type of a suction abortion is the Suction Aspiration. This abortion usually takes place around the twelve-week period. During this abortion, the mother’s cervix is forcefully dilated. A suction curette that is attached to a vacuum machine is inserted into the womb. The vacuum machine is about twenty-nine times more powerful than a household vacuum cleaner. The suction tube then tears the placenta and the baby into tiny pieces. The contents are then emptied into the trash, and forgotten.

Similar to the Suction Aspiration, the Dilation and Curettage method is harsher. The curette cuts the baby into little pieces. The pieces are then scraped out through the cervix, and once again, forgotten.

Another type of an abortion using dilation is the Dilation and Evacuation method. Forceps are inserted into the womb. The forceps grab part of the baby, and twist and tear away the bones until the baby is completely broken. The spine is then snapped in half, and the skull crushed in order to remove it from the cervix.

Second trimester abortions are rarely used now due to so many complications the mothers had following the procedures. In the 1970s and the 19980s, the most common of them was the saline amniocentesis abortion. Usually after the sixteenth week this type of abortion is performed. In the Saline Poisoning process, a large needle is inserted through the abdominal wall of the mother, and into the baby’s amniotic sac. A concentrated salt solution is then injected into the amniotic fluid. The baby is poisoned from breathing and swallowing the salt solution. Struggling to stay alive, the baby starts convulsing. The baby goes into shock, hemorrhages, then dies due to hypernatremia, or acute salt poisoning. One to two hours later, the mother goes into labor, and delivers the lifeless baby. Once again, the remains are thrown away and forgotten.

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Monday, December 21, 2009

Globalization Essay

Essay on Globalization

Globalization can be defined as the ongoing global trend toward the free flow of goods and services and the creation of a world economy. Through global trade and cooperation, Globalization aims to benefit everyone who partakes in it. While it provides a great number of advantages to society, they are given at the expense of others. Since it's argued for the greater good, it has become one of the most heated topics in international business.

Benefits
One of the most practical benefits that have resulted from globalization is the tremendous increase in the speed of communication. The prime example would be the Internet. The Internet is a global medium that instantaneously provides swarms of material containing information uploaded from various parts of the world. Since this information shared worldwide, everyone with access to the Internet can take full advantage of it. Globalization also provides for cell phone companies to use such slogans as “anywhere, anytime” minutes. As a result of sharing technology across the globe, people can communicate with just about anyone.

Another useful attribute that a global economy brings is lowered transportation costs and reduced tariffs. Under the theory of globalization, all barriers to trade will be reduced, allowing foreign products to compete directly with domestic products. Consumers benefit when the cost to import a product is lowered since foreign goods are in turn more affordable. The producers of these products also take advantage of the larger consumer market.

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Globalization attracts firms to invest in lower developed countries where labor is cheaper. As they make these investments, a few benefits arise in that host country. First, the economy is lifted due to the sudden rise in the workforce. All the employees hired would be residents of that host country. Next, the government can collect taxes on everything produced and exported from the host country. For major apparel and car manufacturers, this figure can be rather substantial. Finally, the technological and managerial know-how used to run the corporation is brought to the host country, providing knowledge and insight for many other domestic businesses.

In addition to boosting the economy, globalization benefits the environment as well. Such global agreements as the North American Free Trade Act, and organizations including the European Union promote environmental regulations throughout their respective regions. In creating a world economy, global environmental standards can be established. Through cooperation and control, globalization could be the answer to cleaning up the environment.

Disadvantages
While it seems that globalization has many positive attributes, those who oppose it have a strong argument as well. Globalization widens the gap between the wealthy and the have-nots. While it does indeed create wealth, the people who reap that money are already wealthy. A United Nations Report by Joe Lauria states, “the richest 200 individuals in the world more than doubled their net worth in the four years to 1998 to $1 trillion, which is more than the gross national products respectively of Canada, Belgium, Spain, South Korea, Brazil or Russia.” When companies invest in foreign nations, the money that they earn is spent back into the firm’s home country. The only use of the foreign country is for cheap labor. Besides, despite the increased economic prosperity that the company creates, the foreign nation becomes dependent upon the company for employment, revenue, and technological improvements. Without the firm, the country can no longer be self-sufficient.

Since companies seem to seek out the cheapest labor on the globe, foreign governments have decreased their human rights standards to attract investment. Some of these reduced standards include no child labor restrictions, no minimum wage laws, and unsanitary working environments. Furthermore, foreign governments also recede any environmental standards to make themselves more marketable towards big business. As a result, companies do in fact have lower costs. However, they arise from the exploiting of both people and the environment.
In addition to the effect that globalization has in foreign countries, the effect that it has on the countries of origin is also substantial. When a firm decides to manufacture its products in a nation with cheaper labor costs, all of the people employed in the home country lose their jobs. It has a tremendous effect on the economy, especially when the firms employ tens of thousands of individuals.

Every nation ends up giving up freedom on globalization. For globalization to work, all participating countries must promote trade by reducing or eliminating any trade barriers. In turn, every nation’s sovereignty is put into jeopardy. When international organizations force countries to carry out an action, such as reducing tariffs, individual governments no longer have absolute control of their nation. Also, as consumer goods of various countries slowly permeate throughout the world, they will diminish the traditions and cultural identity of nations through universality.

Conclusion
Since the first time that two countries traded with each other, globalization was born. Now, it is on an ever-growing path towards a free world market and a global economy. Despite the practical and inescapable benefits that globalization has brought, it has also provided a way for the rich to get richer, at the expense of the poor. It would be unreasonable to think that globalization could be stopped. The world is far to integrated to try and turn back now. It is evident that the entire process needs to be reformed. Instead of trying to benefit everyone, globalization should work to benefit everyone more equally.

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Antarctica Essay

Essay on Antarctica

Antarctica is one of the world most pristine and delicate environments. Through this, tourism has become a major factor in recent years as Antarctica use to be inaccessible to tourists but now technology has made it possible to normal everyday people to visit the white continent. The effects that tourism can have on Antarctica are numerous and can lead to devastation. Threats are mainly pollution, oil spills, increasing tourism which all, in there own way, have, and will continue to have significant effects on the environment. Antarctica is also unique in the way that it has less pollution the anywhere else in the world obviously due to the lack of civilization and people, but as more and more tourists flock to Antarctica is has a gradual effect on the natural environment.

The reasons why it is so important to protect Antarctica is due to its unique features that are not found anywhere else in the world and if this us taken away, it will probably be gone for goof. It has a variety of unique and rich sources of flora and fauna, which has in the past lead to scientific medical discoveries ad is crucial for scientific research.

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As it was stated previously, tourism has played a big factor in the changing environment of Antarctica in the last few decades. The tourists flock to the area mainly due to the whole new sceneries never seen before which includes its unique wildlife and amazing scenery. Tourist numbers have increased over the last decade from 2000 to 14000 every year. Every single tourist that visits Antarctica counts as the environment is so delicate and human presence will usually result in some sort of negative impact, which accumulates to a big problem over time. Current ways in which Environmentalists are helping this is that they are informing the tourists and other people on how important and fragile the environment is and what they need to do to minimise the damage they are causing when visiting. It is expected that if something more drastically is not done within the next few years, tourism to the area will continue to grow significantly.

Some ways in which tourists disrupt the natural environment includes that they invade the animals protected areas, and in some cases litter is left behind and environmental souvenirs crucial to the environment are often taken. These problems, in recent years, have been dealt with accordingly as the problem continues to worsen. It is possible for governments to limit tourism from their countries but many are reluctant. In years to come the strictness of authorities will continue to rise as Antarctica becomes a more popular place to visit but at the moment there is no way for tourists to be prevented from visiting their countries territories in Antarctica. In recent years the negative effect that tourism has had on Antarctica has concerned certain Government and environmental organizations. Certain breeding grounds involving Antarctic species has shown a decrease in breeding habits ever since tourists have flocked to see them. Research was done into non-visited and visited areas and evidence showed that the visited breeding grounds have decreased I size and the amount of animals being bread.

Cruise ships are the ships used to make their way to Antarctica and as tourist numbers increase, so do the amount of boats being used and therefore increasing the likelihood of an oil leak which would be absolutely devastating the Antarctic flora and fauna. These ships also damage the continent itself breaking through the ice destroying icebergs in their way. The measures being taken to improve these ships includes new designs and operations being done on the cruise ships, which, include increased fuel efficiency resulting in less pollution as well as the crew must be extremely experience in their job and everything they do.

There are many concerns and factors today that are affecting the natural environment of Antarctica. Probably the biggest problem is tourism and this problem is on the rise and at the moment can only get bigger unless something drastic is done to stop the amount of tourists visiting and destroying the natural environment slowly and gradually. The past decade population numbers have tripled and the constant use of ships around the area breaking all the ice and the risk of oil spill put further pressure and havoc on the stability of the environment. Antarctica’s environment is extremely delicate and the slightest change can affect everything that’s why it is important for the government and environmentalists to do as much as possible to preserve the unique habitat. Global warming has also become a big problem and is occurring today as more and more pollution goes into the air we breathe. We must learn to understand how important this fragile environment is before we do anything about it because once it is gone it may be gone forever which could have devastating effects on the rest of the world.

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Sunday, December 20, 2009

Social Work Essay

Essay on Social Work

As far back as I can remember, I have always wanted to be a social worker. Even at a young age, I was always helping people in whatever way possible. I had to grow up and learn responsibility at a very young age. My mother who was a single parent, became extremely sick during my childhood, so becoming the support for her and my younger sister was inevitable. This allowed me to grow and learn in ways other children may have never imagined, and I believe that because of my childhood, it has contributed to a lot of my successes in life. Growing up learning about different cultures, different theories and basic human differences, makes it easier to relate to people from various backgrounds. Spending one month in the Dominican Republic also opened my eyes to many different social constructs and social realities.

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An important experience dealing with social work was when I began working for Stewart Homes. This is a home for disabled children. Each child I worked with had various physical and mental problems. The children represented countries from all over the world, which gave me a greater understanding of cultural diversity. This was not just an eye-opening experience, it was also a real personal challenge for me, as I was basically forced, with minimal training, to somehow establish common ground with people who were experiencing abuse, and distress. Some of my life’s most incredible experiences took place while I worked for Stewart Homes, and found it so uplifting to be able to know I might have made a tiny difference at just the right moment for a handful of people.

The most significant experience that I feel made the largest impact on my decision to study social work, was when I began volunteering for a Counselling Service. Of course I was not able to sit in session with these clients, so I decided to start a teen help group. I let each client know that I was a student interested in the field of social work and just someone who loved to help people in any way possible. I met many different people, each with their own problems and unique characteristics. Being around the same age, this opened a door of comfort and equality. A registered social worker sat in during these sessions, just to monitor and to give feedback when the sessions were over. These meetings occurred twice a week, and as the weeks grew so did my desire to become a social worker.

A social issue that is of importance to me is education. I find it extremely unfair that our society determines who is eligible for education based on access and financial stability. A person coming from a family where education was unknown and unheard of, the value of going to college and university would not be familiar. Also, what are we teaching our future generation? That the best judgement of character is the size of a person's wallet. These social issues and many more need to be dealt with in a positive way, or else we will loose what is important to human beings, our human dignity, social equality and finally social care.

I believe that I was meant to be at Ryerson University in the Social work program.

I am a leader, and strongly believe in working hard to obtain your goals and standing up for what you believe in. I am a committed student, a compassionate human being and very determined to achieve my goal of becoming a Social Worker. I will be none other but an asset to the Social Work program, and will make myself, and others, including the Ryerson very proud. Thank you for your time and consideration.

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Should Ecstasy Be Legalized?

Ecstasy Essay

Psychoactive drugs require different policies for individual substances based on their danger potential, the severity of danger, and the patterns of usage. Certain drugs create a potentially higher risk of loss of self control. The experiences and possible prolonged effects of ecstasy, even after discontinuation of use, are cause for strict regulation prohibiting the use, possession and distribution of ecstasy.

Some psychoactive drugs are legal such as alcohol and tobacco, despite the medical dangers associated with prolonged use. This is partially due to the fact that they are not only considered socially acceptable, but the risks are also significantly miniscule in comparison to other psychoactive substances. Recently there has also been attention diverted to the legalization of marijuana, whose risks are also considerably minor, and it also contains the capacity to greatly benefit the medicinal society for various reasons. Any activity that diminishes normal capacity for self control can create dangers for those who engage in it and for those around them. Drugs that threaten self control either through intoxication or addiction, are therefore matters of social as well as personal concern (www.fas.org). Taking into consideration this ideology, drugs should be classified as legal of illegal based on the extent to which lack of self control and the inherent dangers associated with the drug, be they physical or psychological, are present.

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MDMA, more commonly referred to as ecstasy, has potential risk of detrimental long and short term effects on frequent users. Users may sometimes experience confusion, disorientation, anxiety, panic attacks, depression, insomnia, depersonalization, derealization, perceptual disorders, and hallucinations, paranoia, and psychotic phenomena. It is possible that some of these affects may continue for a period after cessation of the drug (www.ecstasy.org). Many consumers of ecstasy are often unaware of the exact compound of what they are purchasing, and quite often the drug is not sold in a pure MDMA form. There have been countless reports in both North America, and more frequently Europe, of ecstasy related deaths. Extended use of the drug has also been linked to the development of Parkinson’s disease. Based on the vast amount of potential danger associated with the use of ecstasy, it is clear that this drug should not be legalized under any circumstances as it poses as a great risk to the safety of an individual.

Ecstasy is currently considered an illicit drug under Canadian legislation, as it should be. However, as with any other drug, prohibition does not entirely eliminate the use and distribution of ecstasy. Efforts need to be increased in providing awareness for users of the risks involved in ecstasy use. Pill testing is one way of ensuring that users are at least confident that what they are consuming is a safe MDMA compound, and not comprised of other substances that may result in fatality or an overdose. Such projects are underway in Austria, Belgium, France, Germany, the Netherlands, Spain and Switzerland. Although only the Dutch embrace pill testing and other harm reduction measures for ecstasy as part of official drug policy (www.alternet.org).

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Wednesday, December 16, 2009

Marxism Essay

Essay on Marxism

The belief behind socialism is that certain inequalities that are evident in our society are unfair, and that the lesser part of the population should now own the majority of the wealth. However there are different ways socialists believe this should change. Some feel that this change should come through the government, through a gradual process, and some believe this change should come rapidly through a revolution. Socialist beliefs have been growing for many years. It first originated when Western Europe and North America fell victim to the process of industrialization. Before that period, most of these areas dealt and traded in agriculture. But through industrialization, they became trading nations, and later industrial nations. Major changes in the lifestyle of society came with this major economic change. Many went from being self-employed, as a farmer for example, to working in a huge plant. This was how the working class was formed. All of this industrialization in the major cities, caused many of the people in the rural areas to migrate to these areas in hopes of work. This resulted in the population becoming centralized. This centralization of population led to many problems caused by over-crowding such as crime, disease, and poverty. The ones working in factories weren't the only ones suffering of low wages caused by too much competition, and the desire to cut costs by the owners, but also independent shopkeepers suffered. The craftsmen who had their own shops were swallowed whole by these big factories who could make the same product at mass volumes for half the cost as the shopkeeper. These independent shopkeepers were put out of business.

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Without any intention at all, capitalism had developed and spread throughout Western Europe and North America. As it grew and expanded, the few owners became wealthier, and the working class became poorer. Still today in western countries exist socialist parties, who look to achieve total or partial socialism for their nation, so they do not have to worry about the problems associated with capitalism.Years later, Karl Marx and his philosophies infulenced later leaders which gave rise to Communism in the world, which then started a political war with Capitalism.

One of Marx's main theories was his critical assault on the capitalist system. The capitalist system being based on private ownership of the means of production, which gives the power to very few. Marx himself mounted a full scale attack on the the theories, institutions, and philosophies of industrial capitalism. His main argument was that capitalism was irrational. Marx did agree that the capitalist system was unparalleled at the method of production it used. However, under that same system, the problem existed of how to distribute the products its factories have made. The fact was that under a capitalist system, production was meant to make a profit, not to satisfy the needs of the society. Marx stated that as long as those products being produced, were making a profit, they will remain being produced, no matter whether the public demanded that product, or not. Also with the capitalist system, came competition. This drove the capitalists to cut the costs as much as possible. This is done through cutting the wages of the laborers. It is then evident that the public could no longer afford even the products they themselves produce. Also with competition, came the desire of the capitalist to increase volume, in the idea of grasping a larger portion of the market. This increased volume of product lead to a viscous circle, which includes overproduction, leading to lay-offs, periods of depression and recession. With this viscous circle, that is brought by capitalism, comes economic misery for all of society.

Karl Marx also had a theory which described the workers in the capitalist system. Marx used the term alienation of labour in describing what effects are felt by the labourers under a capitalist system. He believed that laborers needed productive, gratifying work in order to remain happy.

Marx stated that under a capitalist system laborers did not have a chance to develop their mental and physical capacities, something that Marx felt was essential while working. He also believed that man should not only labour as an individual, but for society as well. However under this capitalist system, man was working for his boss, who only seeked profit, and not the well-being of his workers, or the public. Under these conditions, workers became mentally and physically drained. Marx believed that every person had a need to work. However, the capitalist system does not satisfy that need. Marx said it best when he stated that this type of work, does not satisfy the need to work, but is only a means to satisfy other needs such as food and clothes. Marx used the term alienation of labour because this work left the laborer with a feeling of discomfort and homelessness.

Marx's solution to capitalism, was the socialist revolution by the workers against the capitalists. Marx figured that this revolution would attain several things. Firstly, it would overthrow the system of ownership of the means of production, and place the means of production in the hands of the people. Secondly, the goal of production would be to satisfy the needs of the society, and not to create a profit. Finally the socialist revolution would realize a rational way of distributing out the products it creates in accordance to need.

The resulting system; socialism, would bring a society which was based on collective ownership of the means of production, rational economic planning, equal distribution of goods and services, and lastly, production for the human need.

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Sunday, December 13, 2009

Animal Rights Essay

Essay on Animal Rights

Animals are great little creatures. They give pleasure on many different levels. They are they for beauty, comfort, and love. Animals are creatures of the world that are here for those reasons. We as humans were creatures as animals long ago, but we’ve evolved. Most animals have evolved too, but that does not give them the same right as a human being.

I support Machan’s views on animal rights and livelihood. Animals should not be granted with the same right as we are, as humans. Animals are not even close to being in the same league as humans. Yes animals can feel pain and emotion, but that does not give them rights to freedom that humans have.

I think that the treatment of animals should be learned at a young age. Growing up on a farm, I learned how to treat animals. There is a certain amount of respect that everyone should give to animals. You shouldn’t really be cruel to them. What is the purpose of making a living thing suffer? There is no purpose and its just wrong.

Being on a farm you know the boundaries when it comes to animals and yourself. I had pets and then I had animals. Cats and dogs are usually the favorites when it comes to having pets. They give you pleasure. Chickens and ducks were there for the sole purpose to be eaten, sold, or for eggs. When on a farm, you grow attached to certain animals more easily than others. I would never get attached to cows, because I knew that they wouldn’t be around very long. We would process them. That’s what they are for. I mean I can’t really say that animals are solely here on this planet for our purposes, but when it comes down to my well being, the animal’s life is not really considered.

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When driving down a road late at night or during the day. Are you a person that will swerve and dodge an animal or will or will you run it over for your own safety? When it comes down to the safety of myself over an animal, I’m more than likely going to choose my safety. Some people will swerve clean off the damn road to miss a cute, fluffy bunny rabbit. That’s just utterly insane in my book. I can’t believe some people will risk their own lives—their precious life experience—over an animal’s well being.

Animals behave instinctively a lot different than we do as humans. When was the last time someone wanted to eat or kill his or her children because it felt right? Well, it might happen, but you’re going to be in jail for the rest of your life. Animals eat and kill their own species or offspring. Mother dogs will kill or push out their young ones if they are sick or can’t keep up with the rest of the bunch. It also happens with fish, birds, cats, rodents, and many other wild creatures. If we were to give animals the same rights as humans we would have to kill or punish the animals if they were to do such acts. Guess what, we don’t because that would be ridiculous and it would interfere with the natural selection process that goes hand in hand with nature.

Machan makes a great point on animals rights when he discusses human evolution. We have been evolving and will continue to evolve through time. Machan says, “The process that leads to our success involves learning…” To learn we must experiment and use trial and error. This involves the animal testing issue. This is where it starts getting hard to determine the rights of animals. Some of the tests being performed on the animals are not really your idea of a nice walk in the park. Some tests are extremely cruel and unnecessary. I think anyone testing cosmetics on animals should try to find alternatives. For example, spraying hair spray in an animal’s eye to see what kind of reaction comes forth is ridiculous. I think that animal testing should happen, but it should be done in the most humane way possible. Rats and mice are what I feel should be used when testing. I think that if they are bred for this purpose there is nothing really wrong with it. They are small, mindless creatures. When dealing with medical testing, I think that the best thing to do is to use animals in the process. Machan says,
“ to find out whether some medicine is safe for human use, we might wish to use animals. To do this is the rational thing for us to do, so as to make the best use of nature for our success in living our lives.

Finding the cure for AIDS or cancer will probably involve testing of an animal of some kind. I’m for the use of animals as long as it is in a secure way and no extreme cruelty is involved.

I would like to address the subject of hunting dealing with animal rights. Hunting has been done from the beginning of time. Animals hunt to survive and it was how our ancestors survived. With the technology we have know, there is really no need for a person to go hunting to feed his family. There are other reasons that come to surface. Hunting is a way to control the population of animals, especially whitetail deer. In Missouri it is more of a problem. When hunting animals, there should be respect for the kill. Hunters should never use illegal practices to kill something, if they do it just show poor character. It should be a naturally hunted kill. Most hunters hunt because they love the thrill and most hunters have great respect for the animals they hunt. If you hunt and eat what you kill there is nothing wrong with killing an animal.

When I was a young boy, I would go and kill things just to kill things. Male aggression is the only reason I can think of why I did such things. But it felt and seemed ok. I had a pellet gun and would go shot birds and cut them open. I was very curious. I would do the same to frogs and fish. Some people would say that this is humane, but I think that it is part of our natural instincts. We are curious minded beings, and the same thing goes on with animals. Many times I have caught my house cat killing rabbits or rats to just kill them. They would not eat them, just plain out kill them and walk around with the dead animal in their mouth. If you were to watch some discovery channel on young animals, especially meat eating animals, the same instinct applies. Animals are curious as we are, and kill to kill. Of course, I’m not out killing things for the fun of it, but it was a phase that I think most boys go through. I just wanted to point that out and say that there is really nothing wrong with it, and that it is natural.

As far as Stone’s essay, I thought it was rather uninteresting compared to Machan’s essay. Stone really wasn’t directing this thoughts toward animals, but rather towards the whole spectrum of nature. As boring as the essay was he had a point, and I agree with him on come points. Nature should be protected in a court of law, if it is a justifiable reason. I mean, if someone is polluting a stream, and the person knows they are polluting the stream, there should be some kind of punishment. Because that water that is being polluted is water that we may consume in some way. So, they are directly affect humans. But even forest fires, if you can prove that someone caused it, then the person starting the fire should be punished. Most people have enough common sense to not go around and start forest fires. But there are sick-minded people out there. Nature takes care of itself, it always has. We should try little as possible to not interfere with the natural cycle that goes on.

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AOL Essay

Essay on AOL

The Internet links people together through computer terminals, and telephon lines, and in some cases wireless radio connections, in a web of networks and shared software. When the Internet first started it was primarily used to help make electronic mail easier. It was also used to allow access to distant databases, and support the transfer of files between government agencies, companies and universities.

There are over 40 million people worldwide that are on the Internet. There are a lot of Internet online services, one of the biggest and most popular is American Online (AOL).

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American Online started in 1985 as Quantum Computer Services in Dulles, Virginia. It changed its name in 1991 to AOL and became the biggest, richest and most successful Internet Company in the world. That's because it figured out how to make money on the web. AOL started charging people monthly subscriptions to sign up to their Internet services, they also started selling advertisement slots to companies.

There are more than 24 million subscribers whorldwide that pay a monthly fee of about $20 to access the Internet. But because of the millions of users AOL started having problems. Because they were offering unlimited access for a fixed monthly fee, they had millions of subscribers and they couldn't accommodate them all. People started complaining because they couldn't get their connection to work because the lines were always busy. AOL solved that problem when they made a deal with MCI WorldCom.

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Saturday, December 12, 2009

Alice in Wonderland Essay

Essay on Alice in Wonderland

Walking into a bookstore today a person can find a number of books to hold his or her interest. Many people like tales of horror or epic romances; but if real life drama keeps is what keeps the reader turning the pages, then “Wasted” by Marya Hornbacher is as real as it gets.. Hornbacher makes you feel as though you were right there with her throughout all of her hard times. This memoir of a young woman’s battle with anorexia nervosa and bulimia will keep you wanting more long after you close the book. Hornbacher wrote a great, life saving story about the devastating effect that the cultural obsession with thinness can have on the self-image of a woman.

This book gives the reader a good glance at how wrong the textbook definition or criteria of a person with anorexia and/or bulimia can be. Most people think that these disorders start at around age fifteen and may continue into their early twenties until medical help can be received. For most women, this has proven to be true, but an eating disorder can appear at any age, to any race or gender and for no apparent reason, other than a dieting fad gone wrong. In the author’s case, she pushed every limit. Leaning over a toilet and sticking her fingers down her throat until she spat blood, she became a severe bulimic at the young age of nine. Hornbacher gives excellent information throughout her book about both types of eating disorders (EDs), as well as gives strong examples of what she went through to conquer both of them.

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During the two hundred and thirty-nine pages of wasted, your mind never quits seeing what Marya Hornbacher went through. Her words were so clearly written that you can’t help but let them paint a picture in your head of her past. I think that this was one of the best things about the book. Not only did it explain very clearly what her teenage years were made up of, but also each chapter is a group of years. So she breaks down which eating disorder occurred when and why. All throughout this memoir, she refers back to clips from Alice in wonderland. I like this a lot because it gives you a clue as to what she felt like during this time. “Alice ran across the field after the white rabbit, and was just in time to see him pop down a large hole. In another moment down she went after it, never once considering how in the world she was to get out again.” I think this was a good example of how she might have felt in the beginning stages of her eating disorders. She never realizes that one decision to throw up or not eat would change the rest of her life.

This book told the ups and downs of a young girls life with anorexia and bulimia. She has stated that she wanted to die during those years and very much welcomed the grim reaper with a smile. Then towards the end chapters of the book, she begins to tell of her life with her husband and how much he loves her. She told him that she would die before him because of all the damage she did to her body during her teen years. Her heart was weak with an arrhythmia and her blood pressure very low. It was a good move on her part not only to include the dangers to your health while under the influence of an eating disorder but also to tell how it will ultimately affect you in the long run. She knows that the damage she did to her heart and mind could not be repaired. Every morning she woke up taking her pulse to make sure she would make it through the day but still stood on the scale and looked at her butt in a mirror. She did a great job explaining how even though she is a recovering anorexic/bulimic, the dangers are still very real and she still experiences the same thought process that she had all those years ago.

In conclusion, this book was an interesting story from beginning to end. It gave straightforward information on the two most common eating disorders with no sugar coating. She tells of her addiction to food, and the lack there of throughout her life. All in all, I would recommend this book to anyone because of the way Hornbacher draws her readers into her life and doesn’t let go. She wrote the book in hopes that it may save someones life someday and I have a feeling that it will.

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Alcoholism Essay

Essay on Alcoholism

The term alcoholism has been used over the years as a vague, poorly understood, and sometimes morally flavored term. Alcoholism is described as a primary, chronic disease with genetic, psychosocial, and environmental factors influencing its development and manifestations (Silverstein, 32). This is a disease, which has destroyed many people and families, and is a constant burden on our society. For many years alcohol has been the most widely abused substance in America (Kronenwetter, 14). Alcoholism is a disease with many possible causes, and several detrimental effects on the alcoholic and those around them.

The causes of alcoholism are highly controversial, but include both genetic and environmental factors. The main factor is genetics; the idea that addiction is passed on to children through inherited genes. In comparisons of genetic and environmental factors, the genetic factor seems to be more closely associated with the development of alcoholism as a disease (Silverstein, 64). Meaning environment may encourage drinking, but the continuing urge to drink is due to genetics. In a recent study, 28.1 % of sons of alcoholic biological mothers were also alcohol abusers (Silverstein, 89). Environmental factors simply make it harder for an alcoholic to resist the drink. We are surrounded by the message that alcohol is fun, sexy, desirable and harmless (Buckalew, 206). As alcohol is portrayed as harmless, why wouldn’t youths flock to it as a social tool for a feeling of popularity or comfort in themselves? As drinkers start younger, there must be a stop of the glamorous portrayal of alcohol consumption. A shocking 31.1% of youths had their first drink, other than a sip, before age 13 (Buckalew, 137). Worse yet is the fact that most adult alcoholics began drinking at age 11 (Kronenwetter, 124).

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Alcohol causes many psychological and physiological problems in heavy drinkers and light drinkers alike. A few well-known consequences of alcohol on the brain and body have been proven. This includes: cognitive mood and memory disturbances, injury to the gastrointestinal and intestinal tracts, and injury to cardiovascular, pulmonary, endocrine and integumentary systems to name a few (Ball, 28). Alcohol has an adverse effect on almost all of the body’s normal functions. Fetal alcohol syndrome is a growing problem. Fetal alcohol syndrome occurs when expectant mothers drink during pregnancy. This condition afflicts over 5,000 infants a year causing mental retardation, constant confusion, withdrawal after delivery, and many visible physical defects (Sora, 145). Cirrhosis of the liver is the most common alcohol related health problem. Approximately 10,000 to 24,000 deaths from cirrhosis are attributable to excessive alcohol consumption each year (Kronenwetter, 64). When a person is deep in alcohol addiction, psychological problems begin to be apparent. Three main problems are blackouts, repression and euphoric recall (Silverstein, 100). All of these deeply affect the memory system making the alcoholic believe even stronger that they have no problem. However, despite all of these alcohol related health disasters that are publicly acknowledged, people continue to take drinking to the extremes.

There are two basic types of alcoholics, those who inherit a predisposition to compulsive drinking, and those who develop a problem from long-continued stress or long-term social drinking. In either case, brain wave patterns and brain chemistry are abnormal (Silverstein, 22). These abnormalities lead to the symptoms and characteristics of alcoholism, which vary from person to person. The American Psychiatric Association recognizes early symptoms as: restlessness, anxiety, stubbornness and anger (Bender, 57). This drives the person to self-destructive and anti-social behavior. The outer phenomenology of an alcoholic provides an image of a defiant, overconfident, exuberant and independent personality; behind which is a victim who feels inferior, depressed, dependant, helpless and worthless (Buckalew, 52). Even though the alcoholic realizes the danger, the short-term rewards are so great and the urge so powerful that the drinking habit must be protected, and adverse effects denied (Bender, 8). Since alcoholics can portray there is no problem, it is often difficult to spot a person in trouble.

The impacts of alcoholism on society are terrible and far-reaching. Driving under the influence is a deadly practice that alcoholics experience often, mostly while coming home from clubs or bars. In 1996 there were 1,893,700 drunken driving arrests in the United States (Bender, 83). It is estimated that upwards of 75% of those arrested are alcohol abusers. In our nation, more than 20,000 people die annually in alcohol related car accidents (Silverstein, 21). Despite the effect on motor skills and other normal brain functions, drunks still believe they are able to drive, resulting in many innocent deaths. Alcoholism also devastates families and loved ones of the addicted individual. Of the approximate 18 million alcoholics in the United States, each one adversely affects at least four other people. Families of alcoholics suffer the same symptoms of the disease as the alcoholic (Kronenwetter, 68). Excessive use of alcohol claims at least 100,000 lives each year, either through accidents or health problems. This is 25 times more loss of life than all illegal drugs combined (Bender, 168). Alcoholism and related problems cost taxpayers an overwhelming $85.8 billion in mortality and reduced productivity (Sora, 193). However, alcohol is still looked upon as a non-threatening dilemma.

There are many methods of treatment for alcoholics to use to try to kick their habit. One approach is Alcoholics Anonymous or AA. AA is a twelve-step program designed to make the person realize their problem, and also allow them to talk to others with the same addiction problem. Treatment of alcoholism is best done in groups and twelve step programs where an individual can relate to those in a similar situation (Sora, 63). Other approaches include treating the patient with drugs. These drugs deter withdrawal symptoms such as cramps, hallucinations, and frustration. Many conventional programs use drugs like Valium or Librium to offset withdrawal from alcohol (Sora, 53). However, later on patients must be weaned off of the fore-mentioned drugs, many times causing a relapse into alcoholism. The most effective way to deal with alcoholism is prevention. Since alcoholism usually develops before the age of 13, preventing the first drink from occurring would obviously work best. The Assistant Secretary of Health of our country stated, “ I can tell you that at this stage of the game we are losing the war on alcohol because we are allowing mixed messages to reach our youth, when in reality they need to be told the truth about the dangers of alcohol (Ball, 121).” Clearly our society is causing alcohol problems in youths by portraying alcohol as harmless. We must begin to prevent alcohol from ever becoming a factor, as our kid’s lives are at stake.

Alcohol and drug addiction has plagued mankind for thousand of years. There is no easy answer or solution to addiction. Many sober people ask, “ Why don’t these people see what’s happening to them and stop drinking?” The answer is, they can’t. Alcoholics cannot see what is happening to themselves and unload negative feelings on others, claiming there problems are due to other people not alcohol (Kronenwetter, 54). Until someone brings to light the urgency and seriousness of the alcohol problem in our country, we will continue down the same path of destruction. Alcoholism is a complex disease with many possible causes but consequences that are always deadly. To begin to solve the problem of alcoholism we must treat it with the respect and urgency it requires.

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