Underground Railroads Essay

Essay on Underground Railroads

The Underground Railroads were not exactly railroads that went under the ground. These railroads were simply the pathways, which led enslaved Afro-Americans to freedom. The other name for these routes is Liberty Line. Escape tracks ranged all over the North American continent from South in Mexico to North in Canada. The history knows that one of the railroads led to Caribbean islands. Since no one exactly knows the details it is hard to tell when the help to runaways started but some reports say in could happen in the very early 1700’s and ended only after 1856 the Union’s victory in Civil War. Many people involved in helping the Underground Railroads sometimes even did not realize their participation, however the notable movement made its impact on the development of proslavery argument.

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The people who were against the slavery in the United States and managed the underground railroads were called abolitionists. This people aimed to reach a goal of proclaiming the slavery law in America illegal. This certainly wasn’t making the slave-owners positive about the loss of their ‘property’. The slave-owners treated the process as “organized theft”. The money invested into slaves and now being lost made slave-owners very unhappy about Northern helping Afro-Americans. To arrange some sort of official decision about the Railroads the South determined to pass the Fugitive Slave Act of 1793. The Act prescribed the slaves to be an eternal property of their owners and allowed slave-owners to recover underground railroads anywhere in the United States (Gara, p. 83). However the North would not refuse its plans to help the slaves flee from their owners.

Confederate Policy on Afro-American Soldiers in Civil War

To the surprise of many historians the Southern slave-owners have managed to utilize their slaves during the Civil War fighting on the side that supported and protected slavery in the United States. The Africans fought for a quarter of a century against the Cheyenne, Comanche, Kiowa, Apache, Ute and Sioux. At the end, thirteen major black campaigners, which were called ‘buffalo soldiers’ by Indians, were awarded the Medal of Honour as part of a national movement to celebrate the struggle against genocide of Native Americans, underlining the U.S. government’s policy of manifest destiny.

The oppressed Africans where taken by force from their homeland to fight in America against another oppressed race. The fighting, for the Buffalo Soldiers, began in their homeland. Africans where fighting for their freedom when they where in Africa. In fact, Africans have been struggling for their freedom for centuries. However, they were taken by force in ships while resisting in pro of their freedom. The struggles for survival continued: upon being captured they were put in ships bound for Jamaica and America, in the harshest conditions. They persisted to fight after their appearance in America against the Native American Indians. It’s ironic how the minority group of African-Americans has been helping others, in various ways; in this case they helped the Americans conquer their freedom yet Afro-Americans are still fighting for equality and suffering discrimination.

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Managerial and Financial Accounting Essay

Accounting is the top sphere of activity of the enterprise. The enterprise is operating in cooperation with other representatives of business that is why the common rules should have been accepted. GAAP or Generally Accepted Accounting Principles is a set of standards for the accounting rules accepted worldwide. It is an information system that provides reports to stakeholders about the economic activities and condition of a business.

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The main principle of accounting is a double entry records. All transactions are recorded in books for debits and corresponding credits. There are two types of accounting, financial and a managerial one.

The financial accounting is mainly applied for the external use and a managerial one is used for the internal application.

Managerial accounting is used to assist the management of the company in planning, directing, motivating and controlling (Garrison, Noreen, 2005). The managerial accounting differs from the financial one. The managerial accounting is aimed to provide the management of the enterprise with the information necessary for the future activity. Its main objective is to assist the management in the decision taking. It is not obligatory one, i.e. it does not have the fiscal function.

The brief differences between the managerial accounting and the financial one are following. The financial accounting provides the information for external users who plan the financial decisions, creditors, stakeholders etc. The managerial accounting is objected to managers who control the company.

The financial accounting is characterized by the verifiability. One of the main objectives of the financial accounting is to provide the owners with the financial reports on investments involved and the effectiveness of the financial activity of the enterprise. The investors who are not involved into enterprise activity directly get the information on the financial state of the enterprise from the financial accounting. Managerial accounting is focused on the future planning.

The financial accounting is mainly focused on the past activity, i.e. it has the reporting function, while the managerial one is focused on the future decisions.

Normally investors are not interested in the inner operations of the enterprise that is why the financial accounting reflects the operations of the enterprise as a whole. Managerial accounting presupposes the detailed information on the operation of the enterprise divisions.

The financial accounting is focused on the precision of the figures; the managerial accounting is focused on the timeliness.

The financial accounting is the subject of precision. The financial accounting need to follow the requirements of GAAP, while there is no strict obligation for the managerial accounting to follow the GAAP.

The modern business environment requires special approach towards the managerial accounting. The increase of its significance is defined by a number of factors. They are the competitive environment of business, the implementation of the new technologies, regulatory changes and the increasing complexity of the enterprises.

Normally the decisions are taken on the basis of analysis and recommendations worked out by CFO.

The success of the enterprise depends upon the CFO. It is naturally the financial officers should follow certain ethic principles. These ethic principles have been worked out by The Institute of Management Accountants. Sometimes the accountants face the ethic dilemma. On one hand they should follow the CEO instructions; on the other hand these instructions may contradict to the certain ethic principles. The Institute of Management Accountants has worked out the Code of Ethics for the accountants. The Code includes some major divisions. All these requirements may be classified according to four principles (Code of Ethics, 2005).

COMPETENCE – Defines the professional skills of the accountants. The accountant is the key figure on the enterprise and his/her professionalism is among main factors defining the successful operation.

CONFIDENTIALITY – Accountant is a person who has access to the financial state of the enterprise. The disclosure of the financial operation of the enterprise may bring big losses for the enterprise.

Unfortunately, some CFO’s do not follow these principles. Andrew Fastow, the CFO of the biggest American corporation Enron was in the centre of the scandal charged with securities, mail and wire fraud, as well as money laundering and conspiracy, for actions between 1997 and 2001 that officials say helped Enron trick investors, while Fastow and his associates allegedly pocketed millions (CNN, 2002).

The Enron management got involved into insider trading, a disgracing phenomenon which led to the collapse of the enterprise. The key information on the financial activity of the enterprise was used for gaining the personal goals.

INTEGRITY – Accountant should avoid any conflicts of interests of the enterprise as well as any other actions which may bring the losses to the enterprise.

OBJECTIVITY – The information released by the accountant should be objective and fair. Accountant should disclose fully all-relevant information that could reasonably be expected to influence an intended user’s understanding of the reports, comments, and recommendations presented (Code of Ethics, 2005).

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Kramer vs. Kramer Essay

The film "Kramer vs. Kramer", directed by Robert Benton, is based on the novel by Avery Corman and represents one of the best films of 1979. Generally speaking, this film has already become classic and one of the most interesting films created in Hollywood. This film seems to be different from others created in Hollywood though the main theme of “Kramer Vs. Kramer” is not innovative and the problems that the film raises may be found in many others but what makes this film different from all others is the angle which the audience view them from.

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Unlike other films about problems existing within families between husbands and wives, between parents and their children, and particularly the problem of divorce and suffering of children, “Kramer Vs. Kramer” is focused not only child’s perception of divorce and all its negative consequences but what is not less important it provokes to think about parents and their problems engendered by the divorce. At the same time, the problematic of the film may be perceived on the higher level, on the level of contemporary relations within our society and our families which often raise the problem of choice, the choice between work and family, between personal happiness and happiness of the partner, finally, the choice between one of the parents that seems to be the most dramatic, particularly for a child.

So, what can be said about “Kramer Vs. Kramer”? First of all, this film depicts if not typical than quite an ordinary family with problems which are true to life and the situation is quite realistic. Actually, this film is an attempt to provoke discussion about problems of contemporary families and society at large. What we see in Kramer’s family is a traditional, I would even say a bit stereotyped, American family in which the farther, Ted Kramer (Dustin Hoffman), is a workaholic for whom his job is undoubtedly on the first place while his own family plays a secondary role. The wife and mother, Joanna Kramer (Maryl Streep), is rather a housewife practically deprived of her own interests dedicating her time to her family that finally leads to breakdown. The child, Billy Kramer (Justin Henry), who obviously lacks communication with his father and in the meantime, he is bringing up by the mother who is deprived, depressed and practically loosing her control over her life and finding the only way out in the divorce. On analyzing such a situation, we understand that creators of the film intended to demonstrate a gender shift in relations within families because it is obvious that Ted is a typical male living for work while his wife wants to change her life and she cannot bear such a situation and she leaves her husband and child. By the way the latter fact is quite unusual and probably shocking for some part of American society at the late 70s because traditionally females were perceived as mothers caring about their children and their families and such act of Joanna demonstrates that she is ready to break such stereotypes and lead the life she wants. And the fact that Joanna wins custody after court trial is probably the best evidence of such public stereotypes which were hyperbolized in the court and found its expression in such an outcome of the trial.

As for her husband, Ted Kramer, we observe the contrary process. He used to be a workaholic but, being abandoned by his wife, he has to change his lifestyle and his view on life. It is quite a remarkable fact that “taking his son to school on the first day after his wife has left him, he asks: “What grade are you in?” (Ebert 1992:113). Probably it is the most remarkable but not the only fact proving that he was far from his family. It seems that he does not even fully realize that his wife has decided to leave him when she talks to him about it, he does not simply believe it. But after it he has to start practically a new life and not very successfully from the point of view of Ted-before-divorce. Now it is another Ted Kramer. He takes care about his son, he discovers his son for himself, they build new real relations as father and son though such changes resulted in the firing of Ted but still he has lost his job but found his son. Thus, from a workaholic who did not really know his child, Ted transforms into a good parent which Joanna used to be. On watching this film we can’t keep from sympathizing this caring farther. Probably this transformation helps us to understand what actually a parent should be.

Naturally, one may compare Ted and Joanna and say that it was heartless to leave the only child, Bill, to a person like Ted but it is necessary to realize that Joanna was practically the only parent for Billy till the moment she left the family. Thus, Joanna, before the divorce, and Ted, shortly after it, may be called good parents who really love their child, build relations with him and who are probably the closest people for the child. But the problem is that they fail to unite it in terms of time. For Ted it was too late to start new relations with his son because the family has been already ruined, while for Joanna the divorce was the only possible way to change her life, as well as the life of her child and ex-husband. If they succeeded to become good parents not before or after the divorce but in one and the same time obviously there would be no divorce at all.

Anyway, as it has already been mentioned Joanna Kramer wins custody but soon she decides to give custody of Billy back to Ted. And again such act breaks all stereotypes about female’s role in American society but at the same time we agree with such decision because Joanna is not anymore that good mother she used to be while Ted, on the contrary, has transformed in a good father.

Probably, it is the best solution in such circumstances but not ideal one because Bill suffers a lot. Emotionally, the divorce is a great stress for him as for any other child and his parents should take care about their child first of all and find out another solution but unfortunately reuniting of the family would look like a fancied happy end of the story far from real life and the film would lose its realism as it has partially did after the decision of Joanna to give the custody back to Ted. But anyway, we should realize that for a child both parents are extremely important and they are responsible for emotional well-being of their child and certainly Bill practically looses his mother soon after he regained his father, who, in his turn, has been lost all the time before the divorce. It is obvious that for a child treats only those as parents who take care about him and who are really close to him and are able to understand his feelings and sufferings. Now it seems that it would be more logical to give custody to Ted because it was he who cared about Billy but such outcome was hardly possible in late 70s even nowadays no one can guarantee that in such a situation custody would be given to a parent like Ted but still now his chances would be higher.

So, what can we learn from this film “Kramer Vs. Kramer”? Firstly, it is the idea that it is never too late to change our life and it is never too late to become a good parent. It is also important to understand what consequences the divorce may have for a child and his parents and how difficult it is for all of them to separate the family and leave a child with one of the parents. At the same time the film creates a prototype of a good parent but at the same time underlines that normally a child need both parents not only one, even if he is ideal. 

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Copyright Infringement Essay

This essay is aimed to analyze what copyright infringement is, study its types and problems connected with copyright infringement. First of all let us find out how copyright infringement is defined. It is usually understood as the use of copyrighted material in a way that violates the exclusive rights of the author of the copyrighted material.

In general copyright is defined as the form of intellectual property. Researchers outline three main types of copyright infringement: 

1) Violations caused by people who do not know about copyright (30% of all violations)

2) Violations caused by people who know about copyright, but do not want to know how to comply with copyright (30%)

3) Violations caused by people who intend to violate copyright(30%)

4) others (the remaining 10%).

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Copyright laws usually refer to creative works and are most often applied to works of authorship; the main categories of such works identified in copyright law are:

1. literary works;

2. musical works, including any accompanying words;

3. dramatic works, including any accompanying music;

4. pantomimes and choreographic works;

5. pictorial, graphic, and sculptural works;

6. motion pictures and other audiovisual works;

7. sound recordings;

8. architectural works.

Therefore copyright infringement can also be divided into types according to these copyright categories. A separate domain of copyright infringement is software copyright violation.

Here the following types of infringement can be distinguished:

1) creating a copy of a software and selling it

2) creating a copy of a software and giving it to another person

3) creating a copy and leaving it as a backup can also be considered a copyright infringement – depending on laws and agreements of a particular state and country

4) renting the purchased copy of the software

5) reselling the original software can also be considered a copyright infringement.

It is important to note that copyright covers not the idea of a work of art but the particular expression of the idea; there is a major problem connected with copyright infringement – it is that a lot of musicians, artists, other creators receive their inspiration from other works, and it is rather difficult to measure the degree of inspiration from real copyright infringement.

Copyright infringement is usually claimed where the copied and/or distributed information is used for proprietary or commercial purpose. With the development of technical means of production, electronic mediums etc. the protection of copyright has become more difficult. Even taking into consideration the numerous laws and organizations acting against copyright infringement (for example, MPAA), the level of unauthorized copying is still high; MP3 and movie copying in Internet, and especially software copyright violations are rather wide-spread.

If it is determined that someone is guilty of copyright infringement, there are several kinds of penalties that can be applied to this person; they are: a court order to stop using and/or producing the copyrighted material, confiscation of the materials, and finally, paying the copyright owner certain remedies. The main types of damages that the copyright owner may demand to cover from the copyright infringer are the following: infringer profits, punitive damages, copyright owner losses, statutory damages, and in some cases attorney’s fees.

What can be done to avoid copyright infringement, if it’s necessary to use some part of the work? A right to use the copyrighted material can be acquired by purchasing a license or signing a contract with the author of the copyrighted material; the other way is to wait until the copyright expires, and/or when the work becomes a public domain (i.e. when no person or organization will have a proprietary interest in it).

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Foreign Policy Essay

How can small powers enhance their freedom of action in foreign policy? Foreign policy gets more and more complicated in the modern world as the world gradually polarizes around the USA, the European Union and to a lesser degree around China and Russia. The modern superpowers as represented by the USA and the European Union appear to monopolize the foreign policy leaving little freedom for small powers (small states). These states, nevertheless, also are in a need to make independent foreign policy decisions rather than wait and accept what is decided for them by the superpowers. Currently, there are several means available to small states for them to enhance their freedom of action in a foreign policy. Please refer to them as shown in the essay below:

1. Economic dominance. It is a common knowledge that the stronger the economy, the more powerful the state becomes (Valls, 90). On one hand the state appears to be a very attractive market for foreign goods and thus has the power over other states indirectly by controlling the foreign companies’ trade. The foreign countries that depend on the country’s market thus economically depend on that country which in turn means that they take into account the country’s wishes and demands. On the other hand, the state has the necessary resources to engage in a war whenever needed and thus looks like a strong power.

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In other words, economic superiority almost always leads to political superiority and thus to more freedom to enhance their freedom of action in foreign policy. Small states like Japan, Taiwan, Germany, Singapore or South Korea possess more power and ability than large yet impoverished states of Eastern Europe, Africa or South America (Burchill, 72).

2. Military superiority. This type of power is classic and can be traded throughout history of mankind. The country that has enough weapons, and superior armed forces already has enough power to enhance its freedom of action in a foreign policy (Art, 31).

As a matter of fact, these countries can also exercise control over other countries through direct intimidation and force. One might pose a question, why it was Iraq rather than North Korea that was attacked. The answer is simple and logical: Iraq never possessed weapons of mass destruction before the war, while North Korea is believed to already possess nuclear weapons (Brown, 144). In the United Nations organization, the countries that have a veto power are the USA, Russia, Great Britain, France, China and India-the countries that officially have weapons of mass destruction and thus possess military superiority.

Having sophisticated weapons thus is one of the ways for small states to enhance their freedom of action in foreign policy (Nye, 274).

3. Unification and bloc formation. While one state has little power and opportunity, the formation of trade areas, and blocs immediately enhances their freedom of action in a foreign policy. Just like the individual North American states formed the USA, so did the European states that individually could hardly influence the US decisions formed the European Union, a politically integrated bloc that gives each state more freedom (Jackson, 61).

The world historically possessed various blocs, and at present one is aware of eastern European blocs, and south American blocs. The Arab world is also considered to be a unique bloc. Just like trade/labor unions that give individuals more power over others (e.g. employers and corporations), so do blocs give more freedoms to small states (Goldstein, 120).

4. Some unique attribute. These countries historically possessed a unique attribute that gave them more power to enhance their freedom of action in foreign policy. Switzerland has been historically a world’s banking center.

The country is neutral politically yet has enough freedom in a foreign policy (economic relations) and domestic affairs. Some countries that currently constitute a ‘buffer zone’ between east and West as represented by Ukraine, Poland, Belarus, and the Baltic states have a freedom to unite with either west or Russia and thus have such unique power. The channel countries that host major oil/gas pipes from Russia or the Arab world also have unique power since technically they can shut off the west from the Arab or Russian oil/gas.

The countries that control the major ocean paths have a unique power since these paths are used by virtually every country in the world (Cutler, 76). Countries like Panama (Panama channel that connects Atlantic and Pacific ocean), Egypt (Indian ocean and Europe/Mediterranean), Spain (Atlantic ocean and Mediterranean), and Turkey (Eastern Europe and the south by sea) technically should possess as much power as they want because of their ability to control the global flow of goods. One needs to note that because this power has been realized long ago by the USA, the Panama channel belongs to the USA.

Unique resources also give the country the extra power since it could rapidly improve the country economically (Mingst, 50). The Arab world and Russia despite weak economy are considered as powerful simply because they provide oil/gas for virtually every other country in the world.

Unfortunately, such resource power has also been realized long ago, and the majority of African countries (that possess unique resources like diamonds, uranium, and other rare minerals) had ceded their mines to the major superpowers (mostly USA, Great Britain and France) after the end of WWII. Should these small African states have full control over their resources one would see their power to control the foreign policy grow.

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How to Write a Good 5-Page Essay

A 5-page essay is quite a common task for students at high school and college. A 5-page paper differs greatly from such complicated papers like research or term papers. As you see a 5-page writing is not so difficult but it has its special peculiarities and requirements. Only experienced students are able to write a successful 5-page essay, as it requires general literary knowledge and creativity. One should read a lot to be able to make an interesting and quality 5-page essay. No wonder, many students who have got this task want to be on the safe side and ask professionals how to write a 5-page essay correctly. Our writing team is eager to simplify your life and help you with writing a successful 5-page essay. Here are our 5-page essay writing tips.

5-Page Essay Writing Guidelines:

1. First of all you should remember that a 5-page essay has the same structure as a 5-paragraph essay. That means your essay should include five main parts: introduction, three paragraphs of the main body and conclusion. So, when you get your topic, sit down and concentrate on what you will be writing about. It is useful to organize the writing process from the very beginning to achieve good results.
2. Work out as much material concerning your topic as possible. Go to a library, find some encyclopedias, periodicals, magazines and newspapers to introduce urgent live situations in your 5-page essay. Create an outline of your 5-page essay and try to keep to it all the time.
3. Start writing your 5-page essay. First of all write the introduction, where you will present the topic, problems of the 5-page essay and why your topic is so significant. The introduction should be no less than half of a page. It will be reasonable to present a situation from your life or a historical fact which has enforced you to write a 5-page essay.
4. Now, it is high time to writing the main body of the 5-page essay. Here you should cover several important factors, matters, problems, reasons to make your essay informative and complete. You are welcome to use citations of famous people, it will raise the quality of your 5-page essay. Use various pros and cons structures to study the problem of the essay from all sides.
5. Give a good conclusion to the essay. It should summarize the whole essay. Enumerate all problems which you have presented but avoid using details which are written in the main body. Mention if the topic is still urgent and make the reader think about it. It will be a success when a reader finds something new and useful in your 5-page essay. Finally, reread your 5-page essay and make sure that it cover exactly five pages. If not, add some more information or throw away unnecessary facts.

Thank you for using our 5-page essay writing tips. We hope now you know how to do a good 5-page essay and we guarantee the highest scores for it. If you need professional help with essay writing - contact this page - online custom essay writing company.

Essay on Personality Tests

Personality tests are used for a great variety of causes, from psychopathology determination (for example, personality malady, depressive malady) to checking job candidates. They may be applied in an educational or professional setting to define personality forces and weaknesses, or in the legal system to value paroles. Personality tests value the thoughts, feelings, attitudes, and behavioral features that form personality. The outcomes of these tests define an individual’s personality forces and weaknesses, and may denote certain maladies in personality, or psychopathology. Personality testing has been applied for many years by industrial psychologists to choose suitable applicants to fill definite job positions. Particularly, fire departments and even police departments usually require personality testing of candidates.

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Even many seminaries demand testing of students who wish to become ministers or priests. At present time, certain professional sports teams use personality testing to help choose appropriate candidates from draft choices. The history of personality testing for work candidates and students is full of controversy because of many reasons and problems of the very process of personality testing.
These problems that usually happen in using personality testing in the choice process involve the difficulty of determination personality factors, issues belonging to the validity of tests and shortage of predictive investigation, and the amount of incorrect predictions. It is not easy to define the roots of personality testing. Fredrick Taylor in his book ‘Principles of Scientific Management’ declared that employee possibilities could be measured. Other investigations that followed created employee-rating means and other character evaluation systems. This first growth in personality testing achieved its flowering with Henry C.

Link’s ‘Employment Psychology’, in 1919, in which he declared: “The ideal employment techniques are undoubtedly an immense machine which would get candidates of all types at one end, automatically sort, interview, and record them, and at last turn them out at the other end nicely labeled with the work which they are to do” (Henry C. Link, Employment Psychology, 48, 1919). Next flowering of personality testing was filled with a more florid metaphor: Jungian “samples.” In the early 1940, Katherine C. Briggs and Isabel Myers developed the Meyers-Briggs Example-Indicator applying their own version of Jung’s samples. The test was applied to help employers check female candidates for factory job places.

Unlike its preceding, Taylorite boom, personality testing post, was at first used to denote “executive material.” Although testing had long been professionalized, many companies, involving IBM, designed their own tests, which placed forth apparently chance list of topics and pastimes for candidates to evaluate on a scale of “like” to “dislike.” Personality testing drifted back down the job-placement scale in the 1960s, when hirers gave variants of Myers-Briggs or some other tests to everyone from accountants to firemen. But the revolution influenced a stumbling block in the kind of a 1971 Supreme Court solution.

Duke Power, the court governed that the Civil Rights Act of 1964 made some kinds of a worker testing unconstitutional. A small manufacturing sprang up to display the prejudice of personality tests, which was easy, given that many of tests had been developed with “control” groups composed of psychology students, their friends, and family members of psychology students: not a very specific example.  

Various testing processes:
1) Black box testing is conducted by testing the system without any notion of essential design or code. This generally is performed by a functional specialist than a technical expert.Tests are based on demands and functionality.
2) White box testing is based on notion of the inward logic of a usage’s code. Tests are based on coverage of code declarations, branches, paths, and requirements.
3) Unit testing is the primary level of dynamic testing and is primary the charge of the developers and only then of the testers. Unit testing is conducted after the expected test outcomes are met or variations are acceptable.
4) Parallel (or audit) testing where the user compares the data of the new system to the production of the present system to check the new system conducts the operations in a correct way.
5) Functional testing is black-box type of testing that is geared to functional requirements of an application. Testers should perform this type of testing.
6) Application testing is testing for ‘user-friendliness’. It is clear that this is subjective and hinges on the targeted ending user or client. User interviews, investigations, video recording of user sessions, and other methods can be applied. Programmers and testers are generally not suitable as usability testers.
7) Incremental integration testing is persistent testing of a usage as new operation is recommended. This may need different aspects of an application’s operation be independent enough to work apart before all components of the program are set up, or that test drivers are developed as required. This kind of testing may be conducted by programmers or by testers.
8) Integration testing, which is black box testing, follows the unit testing. The objective is to provide distinct parts of the usage still work pursuant to client requirements. Test sets are developed with the clear aim of conducting the interfaces between the parts. This work is to be performed by the test team.
Integration test is considered complete when real outcomes and expected outcomes are either in line or variations are explainable based on management input.
9) During system testing, which is a black box test, the full system is limited in a conducted milieu to validate its exactness and completeness in fulfillment of the functions as elaborated. The system test represents production in that it can happen in the “production-like” test milieu and test all of the system functions demanded in production.

The test team finishes the system test. Previous to the system test, the part and integration test outcomes are examined by Software Quality Assurance (SQA) to provide all problems have been solved. It is significant for higher level testing attempts to perceive unsolved problems of the lower testing levels.

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Collaborative Problem Solving Essay

Given we use the collaborative problem-solving model, we will organize our work in such a way:

1. Defining the problem 

We have to study a new type of rock, which’s granite. At the end of a lesson every student should be able to name all of the peculiarities of this type of rock, tell about the differences between granite and other types of rock and he should be able to distinguish granite between the other rock examples. He/she should also be able to name the common features between this type of rock and other rocks.

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2. Choose a strategy 
Explain to the students how will they work during the lesson. Remind them about the strategy for developing categories they studied previously, advise on its practical appliance and encourage them to use it.

3. Implement the plan 
a). show a set of stones to the kids.
b). Show granite and ask the pupils to talk about the peculiarities of this type of stone. The suggestion of every student should be heard out attentively. If it’s right a teacher or some student should write it down on a blackboard. If the pupil is wrong the teacher will explain the mistake to a child.
c). Ask pupils to summarize everything they noted about this type of stone. Encourage them to write it down in their copy-books. Encourage pupils to ask each other about the distinguishing features of this type of stone and correct their mistakes, if any. Ask children to put any questions about the material given.
d). Propose children to show all the granite stones they see in a set. When the pupil points on a stone, the teacher should ask him to list all the signs according to which the kid made his/her choice. If the pupil’s wrong the teacher should explain and correct his mistake.
e). Show the pupils granite together with some other type of stone and ask them to name the similar and distinguishing features between them. Correct the mistakes if the child makes any.

4. Checking the knowledge. 
The teacher should bring new set of rocks to the classroom and ask children to point granite stones in it. Than the teacher will ask the pupil to list all the signs according to which the kid made his/her choice. Correct the mistakes, if any.

Evaluation Criteria
1. Child’s activity during the lesson; whether he/she is interested in the subject, listens attentively and puts relevant questions;
2. Desire and ability for the group work; whether the child helps or baffles his/her classmates productive work;
3. Knowledge of the strategy for developing categories and ability to employ it during the lesson;
4. Performance during Checking the knowledge section; whether the child distinguishes granite easily from the other rocks and whether he/she is able to name its distinguishing features;
5. Behavior during the lesson; whether the pupil is engaged in the class work, whether he/she behaves oneself properly no to prevent his classmate’s productive work.

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How to Write a Great Narrative Essay

Writing a narrative essay is a very scrupulous thing. It does not resemble any other types of essays. If you are to write a narrative essay, you are supposed to have special abilities and skills to make it interesting for a reader. It goes without saying that most students who have to write a narrative essay start looking for all possible help with narrative essays. Our writing team of experienced writers will be glad to help you with writing a narrative essay. Every student who applies for our assistance asks a common question: "How to write a good narrative essay?" We decided to help our poor students and offered a list of narrative essay writing tips.

How To Write a Narrative Essay: 

1. To begin with, think over what you will be writing about. Remember that a narrative essay should be based on experience. That means, that live situations should be presented there. You may write from your own experience or describe events from the experience of other people. Spend some time arranging the structure of your essay, think about the plot and characters. Think about the main idea of the narrative essay and why it will be useful for a reader.
2. Begin writing your narrative essay. Try to avoid simple presentation of facts. Add some details and descriptions which will make your essay look more professional and literary. Imagine yourself a reader and analyze whether you give enough information to make it possible for a reader to understand what you are writing about. Sometimes details which are known to you are completely unknown to your readers. That is why you should write general things but arrange them in such a way that they will seem literary well-directed and urgent.
3.  Begin your narrative essay with the introduction which presents a short situation from your life. Write about the significance of this event and mention that it has provoked you to write this narrative essay.
4. Write the main body of the narrative essay according to your outline. Remember about details and descriptions. 
5. Finish your narrative essay with a good conclusion. Summarize what you have written. You may end your essay in two ways: make it dead-cut or leave the room for suggestion, it means that every reader will think about his own way of the end of the narrative essay and predict further possible continuation. 

We hope our guidelines have helped you and now you know how to do a great narrative essay. If you need narrative essay help service - our agency is 24\7 online. We will provide you with narrative essay assistance, check it or write your narrative essay from sketch.

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"The Most Dangerous Game" Essay

When people hunt the usually hunt animals that they feel superior to, that they have better skill to hunt than the animal does to survive. But what if u where hunting an animal that could out think you and ultimately beat you in your own game? Well this is the case in Richard Connell's "The Most Dangerous Game"?. Irony is used all throughout the story to add plot twists and turns.

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General Zaroff lives on his very own island in the Caribbean. He is very distinguished by a "cultivated voice", fine clothes, the "singularly handsome"? features of an aristocrat, and the obsession of hunting (Wilson 157). 

Zaroff allows himself anything and everything form the fine china he uses at his 2 score men table to the silk pajamas he wears to sleep in. When Rainsford first sets foot on Zaroff's private island he sees the island as his only hope to get back to New York, but he was wrong. Zaroff being a hunter has hunted virtually everywhere and has grown tired of the game he has overcome. He believes that in order to have a great hunt his enemy has to have courage and cunning but most importantly the ability to reason (Wilson 158). There is only one animal that Zaroff knows off that can reason and it the very reason he has his own island. Ivan is Zaroffs trusted servant and lives on the island with his master. Ivan being mute and dumb is ironic in the fact that Zaroff is still living in the old times where those born into power are the only one who gain it and those born in to service are to serve. Ivan being a goliath who seems to love to torture and murder helpless victims serves it purpose on this island, those who wish to play the most dangerous game will play the game but those who do not will be given to Ivan for his entertainment pleasure. Rainsford is a world-renowned hunter and has published a few books on hunting. One night while talk to a friend he falls off of the boat he is on. He makes it to an island in the middle or the Caribbean and finds an old feudal-looking house. Inside the house is the General Zaroff. Now Zaroff being the hunter that he is asks Rainsford to join him is his "game"?. 

Rainsford refuses, but later changes his mind after meeting Ivan. In the end Rainsford is the winner of the game but by winning the game he has become just like that dead general. Rainsford refused the hunting offer from Zaroff because they where hunting helpless humans who happen to make it to the island and Rainsford was not going to hunt a human being but when Rainsford killed the general, he killed him after the game was over, and Rainsford became what he had set out not to be, general Zaroff. In the end one will see that ironic reversal was used all throughout the story with the characters as well as the plot. To be successful, the hunter must become the hunted (Magill 1537). In the final battle between Rainsford and Zaroff it is easy to see the irony in Rainsford conquering murderer by killing him (Magill 1537). 

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"The Chosen" Essay

There are many important lessons learned when reading "The Chosen". I think that it teaches us that not much has changed over the years. The thing I think is most similar is how people stereotype other people. First impressions are important to a lot of people. Just because somebody belongs to a certain group, people automatically judge them. Weather it's based on race, religion, or social status, people always judge other people. Appearance is also important to a lot of people. People judge them by how they look.

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There are a lot of mean people that put labels on other people without first getting to know them. First impressions are important to a lot of people. This is wrong, but a lot of people judge others by the way they first perceive them. They make assumptions and put them into different groups without first getting to know them. Reuven did this with Danny in the novel while they were at the softball game. Heassumed that Danny was a bad person because he always hit the ball back at the pitcher. He believed that Danny did this on purpose. Danny misled Reuven, but without talking to him to ascertain how he felt, he came across as a hateful person. Appearance is another way that people stereotype other people. They wont talk to a person just because of how they look. If someone looks different, one can either go and talk to them, or just ignore them. Usually, it's the latter. Reuven shows us an example of this in the story. Danny tries to talk to him at the hospital, and he won't even talk to him. Just because he is a more devout Jew, with his fringes hanging from his pants, Reuven thought of him as arrogant and egotistical. He wouldn't even give Danny a chance to talk to him. Reuven thought that Danny was fake. He didn't think of Danny as one who would apologize. Later in the novel, he would find out that he was naive for thinking this. Him and Danny would become good friends. A way that the theme of stereotyping can be equated into our society today is in public schools. Everywhere you look you see sundry groups of students making fun of other students. Usually, they don't even know the person, or they just think that they are better than them. They have probably never or rarely talked to these people. Yet, they make fun of them because they are different. People get made fun of because they are different from everyone else. Wouldn't it make more sense for the different person to make fun of those other people because they're all the same? In conclusion, all people stereotype someone, at sometime. Weather you know it or not, you probably have stereotyped someone at one point in your life. This is how the world has been running for years. There have always been different groups. In a sense, it is good though, because if everyone was in one big group where everyone had the same views, there would be no need for a lot of the programs and organizations that are in effect today. 

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